Bukhtishu Family
Ibn Bakhtishu's Manafi' al-Hayawan (منافع الحيوان ), dated 12th century.
Captions appear in Persian language.
Bakhtshooa Gondishapoori (also spelled Bukhtishu and Bukht-Yishu in many a literature) were Assyrian Nestorian Christian[1][2] physicians from the 7th, 8th, and
9th centuries, spanning 6 generations and 250 years. Some of them served as the
personal physicians of Caliphs.[3] Jurjis son of Bukht-Yishu
was awarded 10,000 dinars by al-Mansur after attending to his
malady in 765CE.[4] It is even said that one
of the members of this family was received as physician to Imam Sajjad(the 4th Shia Imam) during his illness in
the events of Karbala.[5]
Like most physicians in the early Abbasid courts, they came from
the Academy of Gundishapur in Persia (in modern-day southwestern Iran). They were well
versed in the Greek and Hindi sciences, including those
of Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, and Galen, which they aided in
translating while working in Gondeshapur.[6]
Their family was originally from Ahvaz, near Jondishapur,
however they eventually moved to the city of Baghdad, and later on to Nsibin Northern Syria, which was part of the
Persian Empire in the Sassanid era.[7]
Yahya al-Barmaki, the vizier and mentor to Harun al-Rashid, provided patronage
to the academy and hospital in Gondeshapur helped assure the promotion and
growth of astronomy, medicine, and philosophy, not only in Persia but also in
the Abbasid empire in general.[8]
Etymology
The name Bukhtishu according to Kitāb 'Uyūn al-anbā' fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbā' (كتاب عيون الأنباء في طبقات الأطباء) of the 12th century for the Arab historian Ibn abi usaybia (ابن أبي أصيبعة) means "servant of
Jesus" (في اللغة السريانية البخت العبد ويشوع عيسى عليه السلام) in Syriac language. However, the word "Bukht" is actually Middle Persian and means Saved. The Urduphrase: "Bakhš-kardo!" which borrows from Persian
"Bukht," means "Save me!" The name actually means
"Saved by Jesus".
Members
There are no known remaining records of the first two
members of the family. And the remaining records of the chain start from Jurjis. But the genealogical
sequence follows as:
Bukhtishu I (بختیشوع اول)
Jibrail I (جِبرائیل اول)
Jurjis (جرجیس)
Jurjis, the father of Bukhtishu II and grandfather of
Jibril ibn Bukhtishu, was a scientific writer and was the director of the
hospital in Gondeshapur, which supplied physicians to courts in Iraq, Syria,
and Persia.[9] He was called to Baghdad
in 765 CE to treat the stomach complaint of the Caliph al-Mansur. After successfully curing the caliph, he was asked to remain
in attendance in Baghdad, which he did until he fell ill in 769 CE.[10] Before allowing him to
return to Gondeshapur, the caliph invited him to convert to Islam but he
declined, saying that he wanted to be with his fathers when he died. Amused by
his obstinacy, the caliph sent an attendant with Jurjis to ensure he reached
his destination. In exchange for the attendant and a 10,000 dinar wage, Jurjis promised to
send his pupil Isa ibn Sahl to the caliph, since his
son, Bukhtishu II, could not be spared from the hospital at Gondeshapur.[11]
Bukhtishu II (بختیشوع دوم)[
Bukhtishu II was the son of Jurjis ibn Bukhtishu and the
father of Jibril ibn Bukhtishu. He was left in charge of the hospital at
Gondeshapur when his father was summoned to treat the stomach complaints of
Caliph al-Mansur. Jurjis never intended for Bukhtishu II to go to Baghdad and
tend to the caliphs and had offered to send one of his pupils in his stead.
Nevertheless, Bukhtishu II was in turn called to the city to treat the Caliph al-Hadi,
who was gravely ill. He was unable to establish himself in Baghdad until 787
CE, whenCaliph Harun al-Rashid was suffering violently painful headaches. He successfully
treated Harun al-Rashid and in gratitude the caliph made him
physician-in-chief, a post he held onto until his death in 801 C.E.[12]
Jabril ibn Bukhtishu (جبرائیل دوم)[
Jabril Ibn Bakhtyshu
Grandson of Jirjis ibn
JibriI, q. v., second half of eighth century; physician to Ja'far the
Barmakide, then in 805-6 to Harun al-Rashid and later to al-Ma'mun; died in
828-29; buried in the monastery of St. Sergios in Madain (Ctesiphon). Christian
(Nestorian) physician, who wrote various medical works and exerted much
influence upon the progress of science in Baghdad. He was the most prominent
member of the famous Bakhtyashu' family. He took pains to obtain Greek medical
manuscripts and patronized the translators.
F. Wustenfeld: Arabische Aerzte (15-16, l840). L. Leclere: Medecine arabe (vol. 1, 99-102, 1876). M. Meyerhof: New Light on Hunain (Isls, VIII, 717, 1926).
F. Wustenfeld: Arabische Aerzte (15-16, l840). L. Leclere: Medecine arabe (vol. 1, 99-102, 1876). M. Meyerhof: New Light on Hunain (Isls, VIII, 717, 1926).
Alternate Spellings: Djibril b. Bukhtishu’,[12] Jibril ibn Bakhtishu',[13] Jibra’il ibn Bukhtyishu,[14] Djabra’il b. Bakhtishu[15]
Jibril ibn Bukhtishu was the son of Bukhtishu II, who
served the caliphs in Baghdad from 787 CE until his death in 801 CE. In 791 CE,
Bukhtishu II recommended Jibril as a physician to Jafar the Barmakid, the vizier of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Despite the recommendation,
Jibril did not succeed his father until 805 CE, after he successfully treated
one of Harun al-Rashid’s slaves, thereby winning the confidence of the caliph.[12]
During Jibril’s time in Baghdad, he advised Harun
al-Rashid in the building of its first hospital.[16] The hospital and
connected observatory was modeled after the one in Gondeshapur where Jibril had
studied medicine and served as the director.[17] Jibril also served as the
director of this new hospital, which Harun al-Rashid named after himself.[16]
The Abbasid court physicians gained high standing and
trust once accepted and employed by the caliph, as illustrated by the anecdote
in which Harun al-Rashid used Jibril to try to humble his vizier Yahya
al-Barmaki on an occasion when Yahya entered the caliph’s presence without
first gaining permission. In his collection of prose, Tha'alibi cites a story he heard
from al-Babbagha:
“Bakhtishu’ ibn Jibril relates from his father…Then
al-Rashid turned to me and said, ‘Jibril, is there anyone who would come before
you without your permission in your own house?’ I said: ‘No, nor would anyone
hope to do that.’ He said: ‘So what is the matter with us that people come in
here without permission?’”
After this exchange, Yahya skillfully reminds Harun
al-Rashid that he had been granted the privilege of entering his presence
without permission by asking the caliph if a change had been made in court
etiquette.[18]
Being a part of such court interactions, Jibril would
occasionally approach the caliph with a level of frankness not allowed most
attendants. During Harun al-Rashid’s final illness, Jibril’s matter-of-fact
responses to the caliph won him disgrace and soon after he was condemned to
death. He was saved from execution by Alfadl ibn al-Rabi and subsequently
became the physician of al-Amin. After al-Ma'mun gained power, Jibril
again faced imprisonment, but was needed to treat Hasan ibn Sahl and thus was
released in 817 CE. Three years later he was replaced by his son-in-law,
Mikha’il, but was again called to Baghdad in 827 CE when Mikha’il was unable to
treat the caliph. He died in the favor of the caliph sometime between 827 and
829 CE and, being Christian, was buried in the Monastery of St. Sergius in Ctesiphon which is in modern-day
Iraq, on the east bank of the Tigris.[12]
During the ninth and tenth century, the Bukhtishus had a
virtual monopoly on the practice of medicine in Baghdad.[19] Jibril is estimated to
have a career income of 88,800,000dirhams for serving Harun al-Rashid for 23 years and the Barmakids for
13, which does not include his fees from lesser patients.[20]
Hunayn ibn Ishaq gained Jibril's his recommendation after studying Greek for
several years, which allowed him to become known in later centuries in both the
Near East and in Europe for his translations.[21]
Bukhtishu III (بختیشوع سوم)[
Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu[
Ubeidullah ibn Bukhtishu (عبیدالله اول)
Jibrail III (جبرائیل سوم)
Jibrail III was the son of Ubayd Allah ibn Bukhtishu, a finance official for the Caliph al-Muktadir. After his
father’s death, his mother married another physician. Jibrail III began
studying medicine exclusively in Baghdad, where he went penniless after the
death of his mother. After treating an envoy from Kirman, he was called to Shiraz by the Buwayhid'Adud al-Dawla but soon after he returned to Baghdad. He only left Baghdad for
short consultations, even declining an offer from the Fatimid al-Aziz who wished to establish
him in Cairo. Jibrail
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