1125 -1198 Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Rushd al-Qurtubi. AVEROES

Ibn Rushd, known in the West as Averroes, was Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Rushd al-Qurtubi. He was a famous physician who lived and practiced in Cortoba (modern Cordova, Andalusia, Spain) between 1125 and 1198 [e]. His reputation, however, as a distinguished physician overshadowed by the great achievements in Islamic law and philosophy.

As a warning, Ibn Rushd statues have been placed along the ancient walls in modern-day city of Cordova and in the hall of the University of Barcelona. He taught medicine by Abu Harun al-excavated and Abu Marwan bin Hazbool [f], not by Ibn Zuhr as stated by some modern historians. However, he was a colleague and a good friend of Ibn Zuhr and, also, co-author with him [28].

The most famous medical book of Ibn Rushd is the Kitab al-Kulliyyat fi al-Tibb, The Book of General Medicine, which Colliget famous in Latin translation, which provides generalia drugs in seven parts [g]:

Anatomy organ

Health (physiology),

Disease (pathology)

Signs (symtomatology)

Pharmaceuticals and food (pharmacology)

Cleanliness

Therapy (therapy).

4. The scientific collaboration between Ibn Zuhr and Ibn Rushd

As stated by Ibn abi Usaybi'a, when Ibn Rushd wrote a book on the general topic of medicine, he was asked of Ibn Zuhr wrote a book on the particular topic; so that the sum of the two works they will be full employment Sina'at al-Tibb, Medical Practices [28]. This is further confirmed by a report of two authors, their own; Ibn Rushd at the end of his book Al-Kulliyayat [28] and Ibn Zuhr in the introduction to his book Al-Taysir [32].

Kitab Al-Taysir Ibn Zuhr by providing drug particularia including Clinico-pathological correlation, diagnosis and treatment of diseases ranging from head and neck, chest, upper abdomen, lower abdomen, the bones, the general affection, fever and epidemic. This was followed by Al-Jami ', a book of health education for patients and their families [14].

Coupled together, these two books is one of the comprehensive full multi-author of medical books. Figures 1 and 2 show the two editions of this book second-in-one volume printed in Venice in 1542 and 1553 respectively. Thus, it is clear documentation of the first examples of co-author of medical textbooks.

5. The method

Figure 3: The title page of the Arabic edition of the book Al-Taysir used in this study.

In order to evaluate the contribution of Ibn Zuhr on the progress of the operation, the original Arabic edition of his Book Al-Taysir (Figure 3) carefully studied. This edition was published in 1983 by the Arab Education Science and Culture. Editor of the book, Dr. Micheel Al-Khori, the final member of the Academy of Arabic (Majma 'al-language al-'Arabiya) in Damascus, did an excellent job in his edition, based on four manuscrpts Al-Taysir, one of which was copied The Barcelona just four years after the death of Ibn Zuhr.

We translated, in the relevant excerpts in English from the various parts of this book. In addition, references such as books, magazines and online history of drug sources have been reviewed.

6. Contributions Ibn Zuhr for the Advancement Surgery

I. The most important contribution in this field is its application, for the first time, an experimental methodology in evaluating new surgical procedure, or controversial. Tracheostomy role in the resuscitation of life-threatening asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction remains controversial for several centuries. According to Adams [33] and Spink & Lewis [34], Aretaeus in the 2nd century and Caelius Aurelinus in the 4th century did not approve tracheotomy. Therefore, although Paul [35] (7th century), citing Antyllus (2nd century), described tracheotomy techniques, surgery remains unpopular.

The Colliget Ibn Rushd and Thezier AbynZoar, namely Ibn Zuhr of Taysir, preserved in the Biblioteca Histórica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. This text edited online at Google Books: (Source).

This situation lasted until the era of Islam [36] when the AI-Razi [37] (9th century) and then Avicenna [38] (early 11th century) spoke positively of operation and perfected techniques. Although AI-Razi talking about tracheotomy as a drastic measure, he reported seeing a patient with a wound in the throat where the breathing out, but the wound finally healed and the patient survived. Al-Zahrawy [h], in his book Al-Tasrif Liman 'Ajaz' an al-Ta'lif reported from his own experience of the successful management of suicide trachea was cut wounds and concluded that tracheotomy is not a dangerous procedure. However, controversy continues in the time of Ibn Zuhr who viewed tracheotomy was, therefore, not being performed on patients who really needed it [42]. To resolve the controversy and proved tracheotomy that is a safe operation, Ibn Zuhr decided to conduct an experiment determining the following (as translated from page 149 of Al-Taysir) [42]:

"Earlier in my training when I read the opinions of (controversial), I cut the pipe goat lung after scraping the skin and cover sheath underneath it. Then I was completely cut off the substance of the pipeline, an area just less than the size of tirmisah (lupine seeds). Then, I continued to wash the wound with water and honey until healed and (animal) totally recovered and lived for a long time. "

This unique experiment is a further step in the development of experimental school was started by Al-Razi (Rhazes) of Baghdad in the 9th century known to have given dose of mercury monkeys to test a drug for human use [i]. However, we think that Ibn Zuhr can still be given the title "Father of Experimental Surgery."

Ibn Zuhr application of experimental animal models for clinical problem is the forerunner of the methods that many surgical procedures have been developed. The writers who came after him in the 13th century such as Al-Baghdadi [46] and Ibn Al-Quff [47] recommended a tracheotomy unconditionally, upper airway obstruction that is threatening not reduced by other means, and illustrates the technique with more fixes and in more detail.

mid 16th century Ibn Rushd and Ibn Zuhr medical treatises: Averroe - Avenzoar, Colliget Averrois Cordubensis libri VII ... Eiusdem Averrois commentaria in Avicenna ... Eiusdem Averrois Tractatus de Theriaca, nunquam Antea impressus ... Marci antonii Zimarae Solutiones Contradictionum The dictis Averrois Super Colliget. Abimeron Abynzoahar, omnia nunc SUmmo diligentiaque emendata studio. Venetijs, apud Iuntas, 1553. (Source 1 - Source 2).

Ibn Zuhr investigative mind and reliance on experiments in the search for evidence, as well, as shown in other parts of his book Al-Taysir. Facing difficulties do not have good treatment for patients with severe pulmonary ulceration, he heard from a shepherd who also get a similar disease and no cure for it. Here is a translation of the 129 pages of Al-Taysir [48] shows how he investigated further this clinical problem:

"So the cure for pulmonary ulceration around in nature but unknown to us. For (as) sheep when caught with a lung disease that left the herd and roam around as if searching for something; shepherds said to crops to eat and when they eat it their disease fully relieved and back to normal ... I checked the lungs of sheep with the effects of a clear violation of continuity and with clear evidence of healing and union. Until now I do not know the drug; and I think no one before I knew it was good. "

Therefore, Ibn Zuhr was forced to post an autopsy on sheep for clinical research on lung disease ulcers. From this quote, and from several other places in the book, it seemed to him, too, pathologist jelly.

 The second important contribution of Ibn Zuhr on the progress of the operation is a great emphasis on the importance of practical knowledge about anatomy for surgical trainees. Here is a translation of his own words on page 141 in the management of inflammatory swelling of the neck when ripe and ready to explode or drainage [49]:

"And if you have mastered the science of dissection and drain with a scalpel in a way that you will not find a vein, artery or nerve injury or anything that would cause additional damage to the patient. But if you are one of a group of like me and do not practiced dissection but knew it was only with imitation, abstain from any knife as you know the sheer imagination will be the same in real life; especially in the case of a small organ. "

This quote shows that only practitioners who practice dissection himself and who has the right to master the science of operative intervention. Master anatomy, according to Ibn Zuhr, is important training for surgeons.

The importance of anatomy for surgical training, once again, another prominent feature of Medical Education during the Islamic Era. Al-Razi [50], in Baghdad, Ibn Sina [51] in Hamadan and Al-Zahrawi [j] in Cordova did stress the importance earlier. And, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Zuhr co author, states that: "Everyone who practices anatomy will increase faith in God [28]:

From the religious point of view, this statement by Ibn Rushd is very important, especially because he, at the same time, the Grand Qadi (Chief Justice) of Cordova and well-known authority on Islamic law throughout the Muslim world; then, and until now [k] Thus, the statement asserts that, contrary to long [59], the practice of dissection for medical teaching is not forbidden in Islam [60].

Figure 4c: Home of the Latin edition of the mid-16th century, Ibn Rushd and Ibn Zuhr medical treatises: Averroe - Avenzoar, Colliget Averrois Cordubensis libri VII ... Eiusdem Averrois commentaria in Avicenna ... Eiusdem Averrois Tractatus de Theriaca, nunquam Antea impressus ... Marci antonii Zimarae Solutiones Contradictionum in dictis Averrois Super Colliget. Abimeron Abynzoahar, omnia nunc SUmmo diligentiaque emendata studio. Venetijs, apud Iuntas, 1553. (Source 1 - Source 2).

, Another important contribution of Ibn Zuhr on the progress of the operation is the insistence on adequate training program supervised and structured for surgeons-to-be, before allowing him to operate independently. This again is quite clear in many places the book Al-Taysir. Just as an example, here is a translation of page 27 in the section head injury after Ibn Zuhr stated indications and surgical techniques trephine [61]:

"But I did not mention it hoped to see between people, practitioners who are good at it; have sufficient skills, experience and training. Indeed, no one should consider doing so unless he has been practicing as a student under the direct supervision of a teacher ( bayna yaday mu'allimehi) for a long time. Then practice alone for sometime ".

His Works

Most of Ibn Rushd's works are only available in Arabic and many have been published:

• Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa al-Muqtasid Nihayat (fiqh of the Sunni

Schools of thought) - now available in English.

• Al-Damima (Addendum to the preceding)

• min Kitab al-Fasl fi al-Kulliyyat Sihha (Book of Medicine from 107Muslim Scholars and Scientists

Aristotle's Universals)

• Al-Kashf `an al-Lim Manahij fi` Aqa'id al-Milla (Islamic

Doctrine and Its Proofs)

• Al-Kulliyyat (Aristotle's Universals)

• Muqaddimaat Ibn Rushd (Marginalia on al-Tannukhi's Great Compilation of Maliki Fiqh)

• Tahafut al-Tahafut *

• Talkhis al-Khataba (Oratory)

• Talkhis al-Safsata (sophistry)

• Talkhis Kitab al-Hass wa al-Mahsus and Talkhis Kitab al-nafs (Aristotle on the Soul)

• Talkhis Kitab al-jadal (Aristotle on Logic)

• Talkhis al-`Ibara (Rhetoric)

• Talkhis Kitab al-Shi`r (Aristotle's Poetics)

• Talkhis Kitab al-Maqulat Talkhis ma Ba`d al-Tabi`a (Aristotle's Metaphysics)

• Rasa'il (Epistles)

• Fasl al-Maqal bayn ma fi al-shari`a wa al-hikma min al-Ittisal (Relationship of Law with Philosophy)