Ibrahim ibn habib al-Fazari (715- 777 CE) (Father)
Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī(796-806) (son)
Fazari FAMILY
* Al-Fazari,
Ibrahim Ibn Habib * Astronomi
1.
Ibrahim al-Fazari (d. 777 CE - Father) was an
8th-century mathematician and astronomer at the Abbasid court of the Caliph
Harun al-Rashid. He should not to be confused with his son Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī,
also an astronomer. He composed various astronomical writings ("on the
astrolabe", "on the armillary spheres", "on the
calendar").
The Caliph ordered him and his son to
translate the Indian astronomical text, The Sindhind along with Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq, which was completed in
Baghdad about 750 CE, and entitled Az-Zīj ‛alā Sinī al-‛Arab. This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which the
Hindu numerals were transmitted from India to Iran
2.
Abu abdallah
Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari[son of Ibrahim] (died 796 or 806) was a Muslim
philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.[1][2] He is not to be confused with
his father Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī, also an astronomer and mathematician.
Some sources refer
to him as an Arab,[3][4][5][6] other sources state that he was a
Persian.[7][8][9]
Al-Fazārī
translated many scientific books into Arabic and Persian.[10] He is credited to
have built the first astrolabe in the Islamic world.[8]
Along with Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq and
his father he helped translate the Indian astronomical text by Brahmagupta (fl.
7th century), the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, into Arabic as Az-Zīj ‛alā Sinī al-‛Arab.,[11]
or the Sindhind. This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which
the Hindu numerals were transmitted from India to Islam.[12]
Ibrahim al-Fazari (d. 777 CE) was an 8th-century
mathematician and astronomer at the Abbasid court of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. He should not to
be confused with his son Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm
al-Fazārī, also an astronomer. He composed various
astronomical writings ("on the astrolabe", "on
the armillary spheres", "on the calendar").
The Caliph ordered him and his
son to translate the Indian astronomical text, The Sindhind along with Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq, which was
completed in Baghdad about 750 CE, and entitled Az-Zīj ‛alā Sinī al-‛Arab. This translation
was possibly the vehicle by means of which the Hindu numerals were transmitted from India to
Iran.
Fazari (al-Fazari). Name of two noted mathematicians.
Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari. Son of the
astronomer Ibrahim dealt with above, for whom he is sometimes mistaken (he may
be the author of the astrological poem ascribed to his father). Died c. 796 to
806. Muslim scientist and astronomer. He was ordered by the Caliph al-Mansur in
772/3 to translate the Sanskrit astronomical work Siddhanta. This translation
was possibly the vehicle by means of which the Hindu numerals were transmitted
from India to Islam.
H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (p.
4,1900).
Cantor: Geschichte der Mathematik (I, 3rd ed., 698, 1907).
D. E. Smith and L. C. Karpinski: The Hindu-Arabic Numerals
(p.92, Boston, 1911)
Mashallah
His real name was probably Manasseh (in Arabic, Misha).
Latin translators named him Messahala (with many variants, as Macellama,
Macelarma). Mashallah is a contraction of ma'aha Allah meaning "What
wonders Allah has willed." (What hath God wrought.) Flourished under
al-Mansur, died c. 815 or 820. One of the earliest astronomers and astrologers
in Islam, himself an Egyptian (?) Jew. Only one of his writings is extant in
Arabic, but there are many mediaeval Latin and Hebrew translations. The Arabic
text extant deals with the prices of wares and is the earliest book of its kind
in that language. He took part with the Persian astrologer al-Naubakht in the
surveying preliminary to the foundation of Baghdad in 762-63. His most popular
book in the Middle Ages was the 'De scientia motus orbis', translated by
Gherardo Cremonese.
Text and Translation. The De scientia motus orbis is
probably the treatise called in Arabic "the twenty-seventh;" printed
in Nuremberg 1501, 1549. The second edition is entitled: 'De elementis et
orbibus coelestibus', and contains 27 chapters. The De compositione et
utilitate astrolabii was included in Gregor Reisch: Margarita phylosophica (ed.
pr., Freiburg, 1503; Suter says the text is included in the Basel edition of
1583). Other astronomical and astrological writings are quoted by Suter and
Steinsehneider.
An Irish astronomical tract based in part on a mediaeval
Latin version of a world by Messahalah. Edited with preface, translation, and
glossary, by Afaula Power (Irish Texts Society, vol. 14, 194 p., 1914. A
relatively modern translation of the De scientia motus orbis, the preface is
uncritical).
Astronomers Using Astrolabe
Islamic Alchemy
It is noteworthy that the earliest alchemical texts in
Arabic and Latin are contemporaneous, that is, if our dating of them is
correct. The most famous alchemist of Islam, Jabir Ibn Haiyan, seems to have
had a good experimental knowledge of a number chemical facts; he was also an
able theoretician.
(Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Habib ibn Sulaiman ibn Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazari) 8th century Muslim mathematician and astronomer of either Arab or Persian background. He recorded the first known mention of the Ghana empire. Although he lived at the court of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad, the fame of Ghana reached him, and he referred to Ghana as “the land of gold.”
Al-Fazari was the mathematician and astronomer at the Abbasid court of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. He is not to be confused with his son Muhammad al-Fazari, also an Astronomer. He composed various astronomical writings (on the astrolabe, on the armillary spheres, on the calendar).
The Caliph ordered him and his son to translate the Indian Astronomical text, The Sindhind along with Yaqub ibn Tāriq, which was completed in Baghdad about 750 C.C., and entitled Az-Zīj ‛alā Sinī al-‛Arab. This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which the Hindu numerals were transmitted from India to Islam. He died in 777 C.C.
Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari(d. 796 or 806) was a Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He is not to be confused with his father Ibrahim al-Fazari, also an astronomer and mathematician.
While some sources refer to him as an Arab, other sources state that he was a Persian.
Al-Fazari translated many scientific books into Arabic and Persian. He is credited with having built the first astrolabe in the Islamic world.
Along with Yaqub ibn Tariq and his father he helped translate the Indian astronomical text by Brahmagupta (fl. 7th century), the Brahmasphutasiddhanta, into Arabic as Az-Zīj ‛alā Sinī al-‛Arab, or the Sindhind. This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which the Hindu numerals were transmitted from India to Islam.
al-Fazari see Fazari
1. Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Habib ibn Sulaiman ibn Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazari see Fazari ( father )
2. Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari ( son)
(Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Habib ibn Sulaiman ibn Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazari) 8th century Muslim mathematician and astronomer of either Arab or Persian background. He recorded the first known mention of the Ghana empire. Although he lived at the court of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad, the fame of Ghana reached him, and he referred to Ghana as “the land of gold.”
Al-Fazari was the mathematician and astronomer at the Abbasid court of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. He is not to be confused with his son Muhammad al-Fazari, also an Astronomer. He composed various astronomical writings (on the astrolabe, on the armillary spheres, on the calendar).
The Caliph ordered him and his son to translate the Indian Astronomical text, The Sindhind along with Yaqub ibn Tāriq, which was completed in Baghdad about 750 C.C., and entitled Az-Zīj ‛alā Sinī al-‛Arab. This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which the Hindu numerals were transmitted from India to Islam. He died in 777 C.C.
Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari(d. 796 or 806) was a Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He is not to be confused with his father Ibrahim al-Fazari, also an astronomer and mathematician.
While some sources refer to him as an Arab, other sources state that he was a Persian.
Al-Fazari translated many scientific books into Arabic and Persian. He is credited with having built the first astrolabe in the Islamic world.
Along with Yaqub ibn Tariq and his father he helped translate the Indian astronomical text by Brahmagupta (fl. 7th century), the Brahmasphutasiddhanta, into Arabic as Az-Zīj ‛alā Sinī al-‛Arab, or the Sindhind. This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which the Hindu numerals were transmitted from India to Islam.
al-Fazari see Fazari
1. Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Habib ibn Sulaiman ibn Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazari see Fazari ( father )
2. Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari ( son)
Salah seorang ahli
matematika dan astronom terpenting di era awal peradaban Islam. Ia
merupakan seorang ahli matematika dan astronom di istana kekhalifahan Abbasiya,
di era khalifah harun al Rasyid. Ia menyusun berbagai jenis penulisan
astronomi Nama Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn
Habib ibn Sulaiman ibn Samura ibn Jundab al Fazari. Ia bisa disebut dengan nama
Ibrahim al fazari, untuk membedakan dengan anak lakilakinya, Muhammad al
Fazari, yang samasama ahli matematika dan astronomi. Khalifah Harun al rasyid memerintahkan dia
dan anaknya, Muhammad al fazari, untuk menterjemahkan teks astronomi India,
Sinhind, sepanjang dengan Yaqub ibn tariq, yang mana teks disempurnakan di
Baghdad sekitar tahun 750 M, dan dinamai Zij ala Sini al Arab. Terjemahan ini dimungkinkan sebagai sarana
berharga yang mana angka hindu ditransmisikan dari India ke dunia Islam.
Abu abdallah Muhammad bin Ibrahim al-Fazari (meninggal 796
atau 806) adalah seorang filsuf, matematikawan dan astronom Muslim. Ia
banyak menterjemahkan buku-buku sains ke dalam bahasa Arab dan Persia. Ia juga
merupakan astronom muslim pertama yang membuat astrolobe, alat untuk mengukur
tinggi bintang. Ia pernah mendapat tugas untuk menterjemahkan ilmu angka dan
ilmu hitung, serta ilmu astronomi India yang bernama Sind Hind, oleh khalifah
Al Mansyur dari Abbasiyah.
Ayahnya bernama Ibrahim Al-Fazari yang juga seorang astronom
dan matematikawan. Beberapa sumber menyebut dia sebagai seorang Arab, sumber
lain menyatakan bahwa ia adalah seorang Persia. Al Farazi menetap serta
berkarya di Baghdad, Irak, ibu kota kekhalifahan Abbasiyah.
Muhammad bin Ibrahim al-Fazari bersama ayahnya, Ibrahim al
fazari, merupakan seorang ahli matematika dan astronom di istana kekhalifahan
Abbasiya, di era khalifah harun al Rasyid. Ia menyusun berbagai jenis penulisan
astronomi.
Bersamaan dengan Ya’qub ibn Thariq dan ayahnya, ia membantu
menterjemahkan teks astronomi India oleh Brahma gupta (abad 7 M), Brahma Sphuta
Siddhanta, ke dalam bahasa Arab sebagai Az jiz ala Sini al Arab atau kitab
Sindhind. Terjemahan ini dimungkinkan sebagai saran penting dalam tranmisi
angka hindu dari India ke dalam Islam.
Dinasti Abbasiyah yang berkuasa saat itu memberikan peluang
dan dukungan yang sangat besar dalam pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan apalagi
dalam bidang astronomi. Khalifah al-Mansyur adalah penguasa Abbasiyah pertama
yang memberi perhatian serius dalam pengkajian astronomi dan astrologi.
Khalifah Harun al rasyid mengumpulkan dan mendorong cendekiawan
muslim untuk menerjemahkan beragam literatur yang berasal dari Yunani, Romawi
Kuno, India, hingga Persia. Al Farazi adalah salah satu astronom paling awal di
dunia Islam. Beliau memegang peran penting dalam kemajuan ilmu astronomi di
masa Abbasiyah.
Al-Fazari menerjemahkan beberapa literatur asing ke dalam
bahasa Arab dan Persia. Bersama dengan beberapa cendekiawan lain, seperti
Naubakht, dan Umar ibnu al-Farrukhan al-Tabari, beliau meletakkan dasar-dasar
ilmu pengetahuan di dunia Islam.
Pekerjaan al-Fazari
Khalifah Harun al rasyid menunjuk seorang ahli astronomi
yang bernama Naubahkh untuk memimpin upaya penerjemahan. Khalifah menulis surat
pada kaisar Bizantium agar mengirimkan buku-buku ilmiah untuk diterjemahkan,
termasuk buku-buku tentang ilmu astronomi.
Mungkin sekitar tahun 790, Al-Fazari menterjemahkan banyak
buku sience ke dalam bahasa Arab dan Iran. Ia ditasbihkan sebagai pencipta
astrolabe pertama dalam dunia Islam. Bersamaan dengan Yaʿqub ub ibn Tariqia
membantu menerjemahkan teks astronomi India oleh Brahmagupta, Sindhind., dalam
bahasa Arab, Az-Zij ‛ala Sini al-‛Arab(Tables of the disks of the astrolabe).
Transmisi Angka Hindu
Penerjemahan ini kemungkinan merupakan awal dimana angka Hindu
ditransmisi dari India ke Islam. Buku tersebut dibawa oleh seorang pengembara
dan ahli astronomi India bernama Mauka ke Baghdad dan segera menarik perhatian
kaum cendekia di sana.
Al-Fazari menunaikan tugas dengan baik, menurut Ehsan Masood
dalam bukunya “Ilmuwan Muslim Pelopor Hebat di Bidang Sains Modern”, saat itu
telah menguasai astronomi sehingga di bawah arahan khalifah langsung beliau
mampu menerjemahkan dan menyadur teks astronomi India kuno yang sangat teknis
tersebut. Kemudian beliau memberi judul Zij al Sinin al Arab (Tabel Astronomi
Berdasarkan Penanggalan Bangsa Arab) pada karya terjemahannya tersebut.
Menurut Ehsan Masood, penerjemahan Sindhind sangat berharga.
Bukan hanya karena wawasan astronominya tapi juga sistem penomoran India, Kalpa
Aharganas dengan perhitungan tahun Hijriah Arab. Selain itu, karya al Farazi
mencantumkan daftar negara-negara di dunia dan dimensinya berdasarkan
perhitungan tabel. Hasil kerja Al Farazi melalui penerjemahan mengenalkan
sistem penomoran tersebut ke dunia Arab.
Astrolab
Contoh Asrolab
Astrolab planisferis merupakan mesin hitung analog pertama,
difungsikan sebagai alat bantu astronomi untuk menghitung waktu terbit dan
tenggelam serta titik kulminasi matahari dan bintang serta benda langit lainnya
pada waktu tertentu. Astrolab menjadi instrumen paling penting yang pernah
dibuat. Dengan desain akurat, astrolab menjadi instrumen penentu posisi pada
abad pertengahan.
Astrolab merupakan model alam semesta yang bisa digenggam
sekaligus jam matahari untuk mengukur tinggi dan jarak bintang. Chaucer dalam
“Treatise in the Astrolabe” menyatakan bahwa Astrolab kemudian menjadi alat
navigasi utama, hanya dalam beberapa bulan setelah ditemukan Astrolab oleh Al
Farazi, kemajuan astronomi melejit cepat.
Astrolab memainkan peranan penting dalam pencapaian bidang
astronomi oleh umat Muslim hingga masa-masa berikutnya. Seorang astronom
bernama al Sufi berhasil memanfaatkannya dengan baik. Al Sufi mampu memetakan
sekitar seribu kegunaan Astrolab dalam berbagai bidang yang berbeda seperti
astronomi, astrologi, digunakan termasuk meramalkan posisi matahari, bulan,
planet, dan bintang-bintang, navigasi. Dalam dunia Islam, Astrolabe digunakan
untuk menemukan waktu matahari terbit dan naik dari bintang-bintang, untuk
membantu jadwal (shalat).
Pada abad ke-13, karya ini ditemukan kembali oleh penjelajah
dan ahli geografi Muslim bernama Yaqut al-Hamawi dan al-Safadi. Gairah dan
kemauan para sarjana Muslim belajar dari tradisi ilmu lain serta dukungan penuh
dari pemerintahan menjadi kunci keberhasilan dalam memajukan ilmu pengetahuan
di dunia Islam.
Sumber:
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Habib ibn Sulaiman ibn Samura ibn
Jundab al-Fazari (Arabic / Persian: أبو
إسحاق إبراهيم بن حبيب
بن سليمان بن سمورة
بن جندب الفزاري) was an 8th century Muslim mathematician
and astronomer of either Arab or Persian background.
He was the mathematician and astronomer at the Abbasid court
of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. He is not to be confused with his son Mohammad
al-Fazari, also an Astronomer. He composed various astronomical writings (on
the astrolabe, on the armillary spheres, on the calendar).
The Caliph ordered him and his son to translate the Indian
Astronomical text, The Sindhind along with Yaqub ibn Tāriq, which was completed
in Baghdad about 750 CE, and entitled Az-Zīj ‛alā Sinī al-‛Arab. This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which the
Hindu numerals were transmitted from India to Islam.
Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Farazi (796-806) adalah
seorang filsuf muslim, matematikawan, dan astronom.Beliau lahir di tengah
keluarga ilmuwan. Ayah beliau, Ibrahim al Fazari, juga seorang astronomer dan
matematikawan. Beberapa sumber mengatakan bahwa dilihat dari nama, beliau
berasal dari Arab tapi mempelajari ilmu di Persia dan sumber yang lain mengatakan
bahwa beliau adalah seorang Persia. Al Farazi menetap serta berkarya di
Baghdad, Irak, ibu kota kekhalifahan Abbasiyah.
Al Farazi adalah salah satu astronom paling awal di dunia Islam. Beliau
memegang peran penting dalam kemajuan ilmu astronomi di masa Abbasiyah. Al
Fazari menerjemahkan beberapa literatur asing ke dalam bahasa Arab dan Persia.
Bersama dengan beberapa cendekiawan lain, seperti Naubakht, Masha'Alhah, dan
Umar ibnu al-Farrukhan al-Tabari, beliau meletakkan dasar-dasar ilmu pengetahuan
di dunia Islam. Dinasti Abbasiyah yang berkuasa saat itu memberikan peluang dan
dukungan yang sangat besar dalam pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan apalagi dalam
bidang astronomi. Khalifah al-Mansyur adalah penguasa Abbasiyah pertama yang
memberi perhatian serius dalam pengkajian astronomi dan astrologi.
Khalifah menulis surat pada kaisar Bizantium agar mengirimkan buku-buku ilmiah
untuk diterjemahkan, termasuk buku-buku tentang ilmu astronomi. Secara khusus,
sang khalifah meminta al Fazari untuk menerjemahkan sebuah buku tentang
astronomi dari India yang berjudul Sindhind, tylisan Brahmaghupta. Buku
tersebut dibawa oleh seorang pengembara dan ahli astronomi India bernama Mauka
ke Baghdad dan segera menarik perhatian kaum cendekia di sana.
Al Fazari, ungkap Ehsan Masood dalam bukunya "Ilmuwan Muslim Pelopor Hebat
di Bidang Sains Modern", saat itu telah menguasai astronomi sehingga di
bawah arahan khalifah langsung beliau mampu menerjemahkan dan menyadur teks
astronomi India kuno yang sangat teknis tersebut. Kemudia beliau memberi judul
Zij al Sinin al Arab (Tabel Astronomi Berdasarkan Penanggalan Bangsa Arab) pada
karya terjemahannya tersebut.
Ilmuwan terkemuka bernama Yaqub ibnu Tariq juga
turut membantu dalam proyek pengalihan bahasa tersebut. Menurut Ehsan Masood,
penerjemahan Sindhind sangat berharga. Bukan hanya karena wawasan astronominya
tapi juga sistem penomoran India yang ada di dalamnya. Hasil kerja Al Farazi
melalui penerjemahan mengenalkan sistem penomoran tersebut ke dunia Arab.
Tugas yang diawali Al Farazi pada masa selanjutnya disempurnakan oleh al
Khawarizmi. Al Farazi menyusun zij atau tabel indeks kalkulasi posisi
benda-benda langit. Perhitungan dilakukan dengan mengkombinasikan penanggalan
India, Kalpa Aharganas dengan perhitungan tahun Hijriah Arab. Selain itu, karya
al Farazi mencantumkan daftar negara-negara di dunia dan dimensinya berdasarkan
perhitungan tabel.
Pada masa Khalifah Harun Al Rasyid, Al Farazi membuat astrolab planisferis
pertama yaitu mesin hitung analog pertama, sebagai alat bantu astronomi
menghitung waktu terbit dan tenggelam serta titik kulminasi matahari dan
bintang serta benda langit lainnya pada waktu tertentu. Astrolab menjadi
instrumen paling penting yang pernah dibuat. Dengan desain akurat, astrolab
menjadi instrumen penentu posisi pada abad pertengahan. Astrolab merupakan
model alam semesta yang bisa digenggam sekaligus jam matahari untuk mengukur
tinggi dan jarak bintang. Chaucer dalam Treatise in the Astrolabe menyatakan
bahwa Astrolab kemudian menjadi alat navigasi utama.
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