Ibn Abil Asbath: Al-Hasan
ibn Abi-l-Hasan al-Basri),
(976.) medicine
Hasan
Al-Basri (Arabic: الحسن بن أبي الحسن البصري; full name: Al-Hasan ibn Abi-l-Hasan al-Basri),
(642–728), was a well-known Muslim preacher, theologian, and scholar of Islam who was born in 642 from Persian[1][2] parents. Brought up in
the house of the prophet Muhammad's wife Umm Salama, Hasan met many
companions of Muhammad including, it is said, seventy of the warriors who
fought in the Battle of Badr. As can be seen in the spiritual chains (silsilah) of most Sufi
orders, he was a renowned follower ofAli ibn Abi Talib. Hasan grew up to become one of the most prominent figures of
his generation, being famous for his piety and condemnation of worldliness.
When he died on Friday, 5 Rajab 110 AH, at the age of 89, the entire population
of Basra attended his funeral, so that for the first time in the history
of Basra the city's Jami' Masjid remained empty at the hour of the 'Asr prayer.[3]Hasan quickly became an
exemplar for other saints in the area and his personality made a deep
impression upon his contemporaries.[4]
Biography[edit]
Hasan's father, Peroz,
was made a prisoner at the town of Maysan in Iraq. He was later brought to Medina, where he met Khayra, who was to be Hasan's mother. According to tradition, Hasan
was born in Medina in 642 C.E.[5] He grew up in and around
the area but later, after the Battle of Siffin, decided to move to Basra. As a young man, Hasan
took part in the conquests and campaigns in eastern Iran, but he became famous after denouncing arrogance and sin to
take up life as a pious Muslim in Basra.
Hasan's sermons played an
integral part in confirming his status as one of the most notable scholars of
the era. In his sermons, Hasan warned his fellow citizens of the dangers of
committing sin and commanded them to regulate their whole life in a more pious
manner. These sermons, of which only fragments have been preserved, are
considered to be among the outstanding examples of early Arabic prose.[6] Some scholars have
remarked upon the vivid images that Hasan developed in his sermons and it is
because of this that anthologists grouped Hasan's sermons with the speeches of
political leaders as models of style and some of his sermons have even found
their way into the early Arab dictionaries.[citation needed]
Historical documents do
not record much from Hasan's early years. One of the earliest instances
concerning Hasan is his conversion. Hasan was a jewel merchant and was called
Hasan of the Pearls. Attar narrates that he traded
with Byzantium and with the Caesar. On one occasion, going
to Byzantium, Hasan called on the prime ministe and conversed with him for a
while, after which Hasan and the minister mounted a horse and set off to reach
a mysterious desert. It was at this desert, after witnessing a vision involving
an army, some philosophers, a group of sages, and some fair maidens that Hasan
converted, devoting himself to all manner of devotions and austerities,
"such that no man in his time could exceed that discipline".[7]
Attar, in his Memorial of the Saints, narrates that Hasan had a neighbour named Simeon who was a
fire-worshipper. When Simeon fell ill and was nearing death, Hasan visited the
aged man and warned him to "fear God" and told him to finish his life
by asking for forgiveness. Simeon answered that he had been a fire-worshipper
for over seventy years, but Hasan remained persistent and told him to end his
life by accepting the belief in God. Simeon, with much weeping, accepted and
told Hasan, “When I die, bid them wash me, then commit me to the earth with
your own hands, and place this document in my hand. This document will be my
proof.” Feeling guilt at forcing someone to convert, Hasan fell asleep much
distressed. That night, Hasan witnessed a miraculous dream: he saw Simeon
"glowing like a candle; on his head a crown, robed in fine raiment, he was
walking with a smile in the garden of Paradise." Hasan was struck with awe
and asked Simeon of his fate, to which Simeon thanked Hasan for his warning and
gave him back the paper with the declaration of faith. When Hasan awoke, he saw
the parchment in his hand and began to contemplate, thanking the Lord for His
mercy and asking for forgiveness.[8]
Hasan did not take sides
in Ibn al-Zubair's
revolt.[9] In 700 CE he joined the
camp of Ibn al-Ash'ath during his revolt,[10][11] Hasan is not known to
have supported any Caliph after Abu Bakr,[12] but he was on decent
terms with Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. After the revolt Hasan became a teacher in Basra and founded a
school there. Among his many followers were Amr ibn Ubayd (d. 761) and Wasil ibn Ata (d. 749), the founder of the Mu'tazilites – which name derives from
Arabic verb i'tizàl ("to part from", "to
separate from"), Wasil ibn Ata having broken all relations with his former
Master.[13] Among Hasan's juristic
students were the Imam Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani, ʿAbd Allāh bin ʿAwn and also Humayd.[14] Hasan's other companions
included fellow saint Farqad as-Sabakhi, an Armenian Christian convert to Islam.[15]
Under the reign of Caliph 'Abd al-Malik and his governor in Iraq al-Hajjaj,
Hasan came to oppose the inherited caliphate of the Umayyads (r. 660–750).[16] Hasan held to a doctrine
of human free will but did not reject predestination, as rejection of
predestination constitutes disbelief in Islam. Hasan was a great
supporter of asceticism in the time of its first
development. Hasan was also held in high regard by the Sufis for his asceticism,[17] though he predated Sufism
as a self-aware movement.[18] Many writers testified to
the purity of his life and to his excelling in the virtues of Muhammad's own
companions.[19]
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