950-1007 Al-Majriti Abu Al Qasim

Al-Majriti  Abu Al Qasim(950-1007)

Maslama al-Majriti or Abu al-Qasim al-Qurtubi al-Majriti (Arabic: أبو القاسم مسلمة بن أحمد المجريطي‎, Latin: Methilem; d. 1008 or 1007CE) was a Muslim astronomer, chemist, mathematician, economist and Scholar in Islamic Spain. He took part in the translation of Ptolemy's Planispherium, improved existing translations of the Almagest, introduced and improved the astronomical tables ofal-Khwarizmi, aided historians by working out tables to convert Persian dates to Hijri years, and introduced the techniques ofsurveying and triangulation.^[1]

Al-Majriti was one of the earliest Alchemists to record the usage and experimentation of mercuric oxide.

He was among the most brilliant of Spanish Muslims during the reign of Al-Hakam II. According to Şā'id ibn Ahmad Andalusī he was the best mathematician and astronomer of his time (in Al-Andalus).^[2]:64 He also introduced new surveying methods by working closely with his colleague Ibn al-Saffar. He also wrote a book on taxation and the economy of Al-Andalus.^[1]

He edited and made changes to the parts of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Sincerity when the encyclopaedia arrived in Al-Andalus^[3][4]

Al-Majriti also predicted a futuristic process of scientific interchange and the advent of networks for scientific communication. He built a school of Astronomy and Mathematics and marked the beginning of organized scientific research in Al-Andalus. Among his students were Ibn al-Saffar, Abu al-Salt and Al-Tartushi.^[2]:64

Pseudo-Majriti

From his date of death, inconsistencies result in the dating of two influential works in early chemistry attributed to him,^[1] as either they were published long after his death, or they were the work of someone else claiming some of his glory: the latter is the current general belief.^[2]

The two works are the "Sage's Step/The Rank of the Wise" ("Rutbat al-hakim", ?1009) and the "Aim of the Wise" ("Ghayat al-hakim"). Both were translated into Latin, in a version somewhat bowdlerised by Christian dogma, in 1252 on the orders of KingAlfonso X of Castile; the original Arabic text dates probably from the middle of the eleventh century.

The Rutbat includes alchemical formulae and instructions for purification of precious metals, and was also the first to note the principle of conservation of mass, which he did in the course of his pathbreaking experiment on mercuric oxide:

I took natural quivering mercury, free from impurity, and placed it in a glass vessel shaped like an egg. This I put inside another vessel like a cooking pot, and set the whole apparatus over an extremely gentle fire. The outer pot was then in such a degree of heat that I could bear my hand upon it. I heated the apparatus day and night for forty day, after which I opened it. I found that the mercury (the original weight of which was a quarter of a pound) had been completely converted into red powder, soft to touch, the weight remaining as it was originally.

The Ghayat is more concerned with advanced esotericism, principally astrology and talismanic magic, although he also goes into prophecy. The author considers this the advanced level of work, occasionally referring to the Rutbat as the foundation text.

Al-Majriti (950-1007), from Madrid, hence his name, and already cited briefly, was particularly noted for his work Rutbat Al-Hakim (The Rank of the Wise), which amongst other things gives formulae and instructions for the purification of precious metals. This was collected and put together in the year 1009, two years after his death. In this work, Al-Majriti was also the first to prove the principle of conservation of mass, credited eight centuries later to the French Lavoisier, the so called father of chemistry

Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan), a Muslim chemist, is considered the father of chemistry, for introducing the experimental scientific method for chemistry, as well as the alembic, still, retort, pure distillation, liquefaction, crystallisation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation, and filtration.He was also the first chemist known to produce sulfuric acid, as well as many other chemical substances and laboratory instruments. His works include The elaboration of the Grand Elixir, The chest of wisdom in which he writes on nitric acid, Kitab al-Istitmam (translated to Latin later as Summa Perfectionis), and many others.    also a Muslim alchemist, introduces the first theories on the transmutation of metals, the philosopher's stone, and the artificial creation of life in the laboratory.  He  wrote on adding colour to glass by adding small quantities of metallic oxides to the glass, such as manganese dioxide (magnesia). This was a new advancement in the glass industry unknown in antiquity. 

Maslama al-Majriti or Abu al-Qasim al-Qurtubi al-Majriti (Arabic: أبو القاسم مسلمة بن أحمد المجريطي‎, Latin: Methilem; d. 1008 or 1007 CE) was a Muslim astronomer, chemist, mathematician, economist and Scholar in Islamic Spain. He took part in the translation of Ptolemy's Planispherium, improved existing translations of the Almagest, introduced and improved the astronomical tables of al-Khwarizmi, aided historians by working out tables to convert Persian dates to Hijri years, and introduced the techniques of surveying and triangulation.[1]

Al-Majriti was one of the earliest Alchemists to record the usage and experimentation of mercuric oxide.

He was among the most brilliant of Spanish Muslims during the reign of Al-Hakam II. According to Şā'id ibn Ahmad Andalusī he was the best mathematician and astronomer of his time (in Al-Andalus).[2]:64 He also introduced new surveying methods by working closely with his colleague Ibn al-Saffar. He also wrote a book on taxation and the economy of Al-Andalus.[1]

He edited and made changes to the parts of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Sincerity when the encyclopaedia arrived in Al-Andalus[3][4]

Al-Majriti also predicted a futuristic process of scientific interchange and the advent of networks for scientific communication. He built a school of Astronomy and Mathematics and marked the beginning of organized scientific research in Al-Andalus. Among his students were Ibn al-Saffar, Abu al-Salt and Al-Tartushi.[2]:64

Pseudo-Majriti

From his date of death, inconsistencies result in the dating of two influential works in early chemistry attributed to him,[1] as either they were published long after his death, or they were the work of someone else claiming some of his glory: the latter is the current general belief.[2]

The two works are the "Sage's Step/The Rank of the Wise" ("Rutbat al-hakim", ?1009) and the "Aim of the Wise" ("Ghayat al-hakim"). Both were translated into Latin, in a version somewhat bowdlerised by Christian dogma, in 1252 on the orders of King Alfonso X of Castile; the original Arabic text dates probably from the middle of the eleventh century.

The Rutbat includes alchemical formulae and instructions for purification of precious metals, and was also the first to note the principle of conservation of mass, which he did in the course of his pathbreaking experiment on mercuric oxide:

I took natural quivering mercury, free from impurity, and placed it in a glass vessel shaped like an egg. This I put inside another vessel like a cooking pot, and set the whole apparatus over an extremely gentle fire. The outer pot was then in such a degree of heat that I could bear my hand upon it. I heated the apparatus day and night for forty day, after which I opened it. I found that the mercury (the original weight of which was a quarter of a pound) had been completely converted into red powder, soft to touch, the weight remaining as it was originally.

The Ghayat is more concerned with advanced esotericism, principally astrology and talismanic magic, although he also goes into prophecy. The author considers this the advanced level of work, occasionally referring to the Rutbat as the foundation text.