Jumat, 19 Juni 2015

(780 - 840 C.E.) Abu Abdullah Mohammad Bin Musa Al Khawarizmi


Abu Abdullah Mohammad Bin Musa Al Khawarizmi(780 - 840 C.E.)


Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi was born at Khawarizm (Kheva), south of Aral sea. Very little is known about his early life, except for the fact that his parents had migrated to a place south of Baghdad. The exact dates of his birth and death are also not known, but it is established that he flourished under Al- Mamun at Baghdad through 813-833 and probably died around 840 C.E.    To celebrate the 1200th birth anniversary of Muhammad bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi the former USSR issued this postal stamp pictured on top.     The terms Algebra and Algorithm are familiar to all of us but how many have heard of their founder Mohammed AlKhawarizmi. In Geography he revised and corrected Ptolemy's view and produced the first map of the known world in 830 CE.  He worked on measuring the volume and circumference of the earth, and contributed to work related to clocks, sundials and astrolabes.
His Life 
Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khawarizmi.The lastmentioned name (his nisba) refers to his birthplace, Khwarizm, modern Khiva, south of the Aral Sea. He was born around 780 in the town of Kath part of Khwarism. Kath is now buried in the sand. He died around 840. He was summoned to Baghdad by Caliph Al-Mamun and appointed court astronomer. From the title of his work, Hisab Al-Jabr wal Mugabalah (Book of Calculations, Restoration and Reduction), Algebra (Al-Jabr) derived its name.
Algebra symbolizes the debt of Western culture to Muslim mathematics. Ironically, when it first entered the English language it was used as a term for setting of broken bones, and even sometimes for the fractures themselves. This reflects the original
literal meaning of the Arabic word al-Jabr, 'the reuniting of broken bones,' from the verb jabara 'reunite.' The anatomical connotations of this were adopted when the word was borrowed, as algebra, into Spanish, Italian and medieval Latin from one or other of which English acquired it. In Arabic, however, it had long been applied to the solving of algebraic equations. The full
Arabic expression was 'Ilm aljabr wa'l muqabalah'''the science of reunion and equations,' and the mathematician Al-Khawarizmi used aljabr as the title of his treatise on algebra.  In the twelfth century Gerard of Cremona and Roberts of Chester translated the algebra of Al-Khawarizmi into Latin.Mathematicians used it all over the world until the sixteenth century.
A Latin translation of a Muslim arithmetic text was discovered in 1857 CE at the University of Cambridge library. Entitled 'Algoritimi de Numero Indorum’, the work opens with the words:
'Spoken has Algoritimi. Let us give deserved praise to God, our Leader and Defender’. It is believed that this is a copy of Al-Khawarizmi’s arithmetic text, which was translated into Latin in the twelfth century by Adelard of Bath (an English scholar). Al-Khawarizmi left his name to the history of mathematics in the form of Algorism (the old name for arithmetic).
His Work


Al-Khawarizmi was a mathematician, astronomer and geographer. He was perhaps one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived, as, in fact, he was the founder of several branches and basic concepts of mathematics. In the words of Phillip Hitti:
"He influenced mathematical thought to a greater extent than any other mediaeval writer."  His work on algebra was outstanding, as he not only initiated the subject in a systematic form but he also developed it to the extent of giving analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations, which established him as the founder of Algebra.  Hisab Al-jabr wAl-muqabala, contains analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations and its author may be called one of the founders of analysis or algebra as distinct from geometry.
He also gives geometrical solutions (with figures) of quadratic equations, for example X2 + 1OX = 39, an equation often repeated by later writers. The‘Liber ysagogarum Alchorismi in artem astronomicam a magistro A. [Adelard of Bath] compositus!' deals with arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy; it is possibly a summary of Al-Khawarzmi’s teachings rather than an original work.
His astronomical and trigonometric tables, revised by Maslama Al-Majrti (Second half of tenth century), were translated into Latin as early as l126 by Adelard of Bath. They were the first Muslim tables and contained not simply the sinefunction but also the tangent(Maslama's interpolation).
His arithmetic synthesised Greek and Hindu knowledge and also contained his own contribution of fundamental importance to mathematics and science. Thus, he explained the use of zero, a numeral of fundamental importance developed by the Arabs.    Similarly, he developed the decimal system so that the overall  system of numerals, 'algorithm' or 'algorizm' is named after him. In addition to introducing the Indian system of numerals (now  generally known as Arabic numerals), he developed at length  several arithmetical procedures, including operations on fractions. It was through his work that the system of numerals was first introduced to Arabs and later to Europe, through its translations in European languages.
He developed in detail trigonometric tables containing the sine functions, which were probably extrapolated to tangent functions by Maslamati.
He also perfected the geometric representation of conic sections and developed the calculus of two errors, which practically led him to the concept of differentiation. He is also reported to have collaborated in the degree measurements ordered by AlMamun which were aimed at measuring of volume and circumference of the earth.


His Books
Several of his books were translated into Latin in the early 12th century. In fact, his book on arithmetic, Kitab Al-Jam'a walTafreeq bil Hisab Al-Hindi,was lost in Arabic but survived in a Latin translation. His astronomical tables were also translated into European languages and, later, into Chinese. His geography captioned Kitab Surat-Al-Ard,(The Face of the Earth) together with its maps, was also translated. In addition, he wrote a book on the Jewish calendar Istikhraj Tarikh Al-Yahud, and two books on the astrolabe. He also wrote Kitab Al-Tarikhand his book on sun-dials was captioned Kitab Al-Rukhmat, but both of them have been lost.
A Servant of God    Al-Khawarizmi emphasised that he wrote his algebra book to serve the practical needs of the people concerning matters of inheritance, legacies, partition, law suits and commerce. He considered his work as worship to God. Quotation from Al-Khawarizmi:
That fondness for science, ... that affability and condescension which God shows to the learned, that promptitude with which he protects and supports them in the elucidation of obscurities and in the removal of difficulties, has encouraged me to compose a short work on calculating by aljabr and al-muqabala , confining it to what is easiest and most useful in arithmetic. [al-jabr means "restoring", referring to the process of moving a subtracted quantity to the other side of an equation; al-muqabala is"comparing" and refers to subtracting equal quantities from both sides of an equation.]
Profil Bapak Matematika (Aljabar, Kalkulus), Astronomi
 


Muammad bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī (Arab: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي) adalah seorang ahli matematika, astronomi, astrologi, dan geografi yang berasal dari Persia. Lahir sekitar tahun 780 di Khwārizm (sekarang Khiva, Uzbekistan) dan wafat sekitar tahun 850 di Baghdad. Hampir sepanjang hidupnya, ia bekerja sebagai dosen di Sekolah Kehormatan di Baghdad
Buku pertamanya, al-Jabar, adalah buku pertama yang membahas solusi sistematik dari linear dan notasi kuadrat. Sehingga ia disebut sebagai Bapak Aljabar. Translasi bahasa Latin dari Aritmatika dia, yang memperkenalkan angka India, kemudian diperkenalkan sebagai Sistem Penomoran Posisi Desimal di dunia Barat pada abad ke 12. Ia merevisi dan menyesuaikan Geografi Ptolemeus sebaik mengerjakan tulisan-tulisan tentang astronomi dan astrologi.
Kontribusi dia tak hanya berdampak besar pada matematika, tapi juga dalam kebahasaan. Kata Aljabar berasal dari kata al-Jabr, satu dari dua operasi dalam matematika untuk menyelesaikan notasi kuadrat, yang tercantum dalam buku dia. Kata algorisme dan algoritma diambil dari kata Algorismi, Latinisasi dari nama dia. Nama dia juga di serap dalam bahasa Spanyol Guarismo dan dalam bahasa Portugis, Algarismo yang berarti digit.
Al-Khawarizmi yang bernama lengkap Muammad bin Musa al-Khawarizmi adalah seorang ahli matematika, astronomi, astrologi, dan geografi yang berasal dari Persia. Lahir sekitar tahun 780 di Khwārizm (sekarang Khiva, Uzbekistan) dan wafat sekitar tahun 850 di Baghdad. Hampir sepanjang hidupnya, ia bekerja sebagai dosen di Sekolah Kehormatan di Baghdad. Buku pertamanya, al-Jabar, adalah buku yang membahas solusi sistematik dari linear dan notasi kuadrat. Sehingga ia disebut sebagai Bapak Aljabar. Translasi bahasa Latin dari Aritmatika beliau, yang memperkenalkan angka India, kemudian diperkenalkan sebagai Sistem Penomoran Posisi Desimal di dunia Barat pada abad ke 12. Ia merevisi dan menyesuaikan Geografi Ptolemeus sebaik mengerjakan tulisan-tulisan tentang astronomi dan astrologi.
Nama Asli dari al-Khawarizmi ialah Muhammad Ibn Musa al-khawarizmi. Selain itu beliau dikenali sebagai Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Yusoff. Al-Khawarizmi dikenal di Barat sebagai al-Khawarizmi, al-Cowarizmi, al-Ahawizmi, al-Karismi, al-Goritmi, al-Gorismi dan beberapa cara ejaan lagi. Beliau dilahirkan di Bukhara.Tahun 780-850M adalah zaman kegemilangan al-Khawarizmi. al-Khawarizmi telah wafat antara tahun 220 dan 230M. Ada yang mengatakan al-Khawarizmi hidup sekitar awal pertengahan abad ke-9M. Sumber lain menegaskan beliau hidup di Khawarism, Usbekistan pada tahun 194H/780M dan meninggal tahun 266H/850M di Baghdad
Al-Khwarizmi whose full name Muammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician, astronomy, astrology, and geography of Persian origin. Born around the year 780 in Khwarizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan) and died around the year 850 in Baghdad. Almost all his life, he worked as a lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad. His first book, al-Jabar, is a book that addresses the systematic solution of linear and quadratic notation. So he called the Father of Algebra. Latin translation of his Arithmetic, who introduced Indian numerals, then introduced as Decimal Position Numbering System in the Western world in the 12th century He revise and adjust the Ptolemaic geography as well as working on the writings on astronomy and astrology.
His contributions not only have a major impact on mathematics, but also in language. The word algebra comes from the word al-Jabr, one of two operations in mathematics to solve quadratic notation, which is contained in his book. Said logarisme and logarithm is taken from the word Algorismi, Latinization of his name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish Guarismo and in Portuguese, Algarismo meaning digit. In addition to the inventor of logarithms and algebra, Al Khwarizmi also known as the inventor of the numbers 0 (zero), which in Arabic is called sifr. The new zero Westerners are known and used around 250 years after it was discovered by Al Khwarizmi. Previous scientists use the abacus, a sort of list that shows units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on, to ensure that each number is not to be confused with each other from a designated place in the count.
Logarithms and Algebra Al-Khwarizmi and Kitab al-Jabr Al-Khwarizmi whose full name Muammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician, astronomy, astrology, and geography of Persian origin. Born around the year 780 in Khwarizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan) and died around the year 850 in Baghdad. Almost all his life, he worked as a lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad first book, al-Jabar, is a book that addresses the systematic solution of linear and quadratic notation. So he called the Father of Algebra. Latin translation of his Arithmetic, who introduced Indian numerals, then introduced as Decimal Position Numbering System in the Western world in the 12th century He revise and adjust the Ptolemaic geography as well as working on the writings on astronomy and astrology. His contributions not only have a major impact on mathematics, but also in language. The word algebra comes from the word al-Jabr, one of two operations in mathematics to solve quadratic notation, which is contained in his book. Said logarisme and logarithm is taken from the word Algorismi, Latinization of his name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish Guarismo and in Portuguese, Algarismo meaning digit.
Figures 0 (Zero) In addition to the inventor logarithm and Algebra, Al Khwarizmi also known as the inventor of the numbers 0 (zero), which in Arabic is called sifr. The new zero Westerners are known and used around 250 years after it was discovered by Al Khwarizmi. Previous scientists use the abacus, a sort of list that shows units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on, to ensure that each number is not to be confused with each other from a designated place in the count.
In education has been proven THAT al-Khwarizmi was a knowledgeable Islamic figures. Knowledge and expertise not only in the field of law but in the field of philosophy, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, arithmetic, Islamic history and chemistry.

Al-Khwarizmi's algebra teacher in Europe
Europe started to open people's minds after treated to various science is taught Al-Khwarizmi
He has created a Secans usage and tangent in trigonometry and astronomy investigation. In a young age he worked under the reign of the caliph al-Ma'mun, worked in the Bayt al-Hikmah in Baghdad. He worked in an observatory that is the place to study mathematics and astronomy. Al-Khwarizmi also believed to lead the caliph library. He has introduced the Indian numbers and ways of calculation of India to the Islamic world. He is also an author of the Encyclopedia in a variety of disciplines. Al-Khwarizmi is a character who first introduced algebra and reckoning. Many more knowledge he learned in math and generate mathematical concepts that are so popular are still in use today.
ROLE AND CONTRIBUTION OF AL-Khwarizmi
His greatest works in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, cartography, as a foundation and then more innovative in algebra, trigonometry, and in other fields which he elaborated. Logic and systematic approach him in the completion of linear and quadratic notation provide accuracy in the discipline of algebra, a name derived from the name of one of her books in the year 830 AD, al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi reckoning al-jabr wa'l-muqabala (Arabic الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة) or: "Book Summaries to calculations by Melengkapakan and Balance", the first book he is then translated into Latin in the 12th century.
Her mind, explore the intersection between thinking, calculation with Hindu numerals, written in 825, memprinsipkan diffusion ability of India figures into perangkaan the Middle East and then Europe. Books he translated into Latin, Algoritmi de numero Indorum, shows Algoritmi words into Latin.
Some contributions he is based in the Persian and Babylonian Astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek sources.
Systematization and correction of the data he Ptolemy on geography is a tribute to Africa and the East being surrounded. Ledger him another, Kitab al-ard letter ("Views of the Earth"; translated by Geography), which shows the location coordinates and the basis of known world, boldly evaluate the value of the length of the Mediterranean Sea and the location of cities in Asia and Africa previously given by Ptolemy.
He later headed the construction of a world map to the Caliph Al-Ma'mun and participated in the project determines the layout on Earth, along with 70 other geographers to create a map which was then called "know the world". When their work is copied and transferred to Europe and Latin languages, a great impact on the advancement of basic mathematics in Europe. He also wrote about the astrolabe and sundial.

Kitab I – Aljabar
Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar reckoning fi al-jabr wa-l-muqabala (Arabic: الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة or Book of Calculation Summarizes the completion and balancing) is a mathematics book written in the year 830. This book summarizes the definition of algebra. Translation into Latin known as Liber algebrae et almucabala by Robert of Chester (Segovia, 1145) and also by Gerard of Cremona.
In the book given the completion of linear and quadratic equations by simplifying the equation to be one of six standard forms (here b and c are positive integers)
squared is equal to root (ax2 = bx)
squared is equal to a constant number (ax2 = c)
the same root with a constant (bx = c)
squares and roots equal to a constant (ax2 + bx = c)
quadratic and constant equal to the root (ax2 + c = bx)
constant and equal to the square root of (bx + c = ax2)
by dividing the coefficients of quadratic and use two operations: al-jabr (الجبر) or restoration or completion) and al-muqabala (equilibration). Al-jabr is the process of removing negative units, roots and squares of notation using the same value on both sides. For example, x2 = 40x - 4x2 simplified into 5x2 = 40x. Al-muqabala is a process gives the quantity of the same type to the side of the notation. For example, x2 + 14 = x + 5 is simplified to x2 + 9 = x.
Several authors have published a paper with the name of the book Al-ǧabr wa-l-muqabala, including to Abu Hanifa al-Dīnawarī, Abū Kamil (Rasāla fi al-ǧabr wa-al-muqabala), Abu Muhammad al-'Adlī, Abu Yusuf al Miṣṣīī, Ibn Turk, Sind ibn 'Ali, Sahl bin Bišr, and Šarafaddīn al-Tusi.
Book 2 - Dixit algorizmi
The second major book he is about arithmetic, which persist in Latin, but was missing from the original Arabic. Translation is done in the 12th century by Adelard of Bath, who also translated the astronomical tables in 1126.
In the Latin manuscripts, usually nameless, but generally begins with the words: Dixit algorizmi ("As the saying al-Khwarizmi"), or Algoritmi de numero Indorum ("al-Kahwārizmī in number Hindu art"), a new name is given on the results her work by Baldassarre Boncompagni in 1857. The Book of the original may be called Kitab al-Jam'a wa-l-tafrīq bi-reckoning al-Hind ("The Book of Addition and Reduction by Hindu Calculation").
Book 3 - Reconstruction Planetarium
15th century map by Ptolemy as a comparison.
The third book she is the famous book of letters al-Ard (Bhs.Arab: كتاب صورة الأرض "Book World Landscape" or "Appearance of the Earth" translated by Geography), which was completed in 833 is a revision and improvement of Geography Ptolemy, consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographic place following the general development.
There is only one copy of a book of letters al-ard, which are stored in the Library of the University of Strasbourg. Latin translation stored in the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. The book's full title is the book she Approach About the World, with Cities, Mountain, Sea, All Island and the River, written by Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi based on the deepening of geographic yamg and written by Claudius Ptolemy.
The book begins with a list of longitude and latitude, including "The weather zone", which writes the influence of latitude and longitude to the weather. By Paul Gallez, said that this is very useful to determine the position we are in a bad condition to make a practical approach. Both in Arabic and Latin copies, nothing is left from this book. Therefore, Hubert Daunicht reconstruct the map from the list of coordinates. He tried to find the approach that is similar to the map.
Book 4 - Astronomy Campus Corpus Christi MS 283
Zij book al-Sindhind (Arabic: زيج "astronomical tables") is a work that consists of 37 symbols on the astronomical calendar calculations and 116 tables with kalenderial, astrologial astronomial and data as well as data that is recognized now.
The original version in Arabic (written 820) missing, but other versions by Spanish astronomer Jabir al-Majriti (1000) remained in Latin, translated by Adelard of Bath (January 26, 1126). Four other Latin manuscripts remain in the Bibliothèque publique (Chartres), the Bibliothèque Mazarine (Paris), the Bibliotheca Nacional (Madrid) and the Bodleian Library (Oxford).
Book 5 - Jewish Calendar
Al-Khwarizmi also wrote about the Jewish calendar (Risala fi istikhrāj ta'rīkh al-Yahud "Jewish calendar Directive"). Which explains 19-year intercalation cycle, the laws governing what day of the month of Tishri begins a week; take into account the interval between the Jewish Era (the creation of Adam) and the Seleucid era; and give law on the longitude of the sun and moon using the Jewish calendar. Similar to those found by al-Biruni and Maimonides.
LainnyaBeberapa works of Arabic manuscripts in Berlin, Istanbul, Tashkent, Cairo and Paris contain material that is likely to approach comes from al-Khwarizmi. Manuscript in Istanbul contains sundial, called in Fihirst. Other works, such as the determination of the direction of Mecca is one of the spherical astronomy.
Two works contains about morning (Ma'rifat sa'at al-Mashriq Fi kull ballad) and azimuth determination of the height (Ma'rifat al-samt min qibal al-irtifā ').
He also wrote two books on the use and assembly of the astrolabe. Ibn al-Nadim in Kitab al-Fihrist (an index of Arabic) also mentions the book of ar-Ruāma (t) (book sundial) and Kitab al-Tarikh (history book) but the two latter have been lost.
Contribution in the form of works of which are:
1. Al-Jabr wa'l muqabalah: he has created and tangens secans use in the investigation of trigonometry and astronomy.
2.Hisab al-Jabr wa al-muqabalah: He
has submitted examples of math problems and propose 800 pieces of matter which is largely the issues raised by Neo. Babylian in the form of allegations that have been substantiated by al-Khwarizmi.
3.Sistem No. He has introduced the concept of nature and it is important in a number system today. His work on this one contains Cos, Sin and Tan in solving trigonometric equations, theorems isosceles triangle and area calculation triangles, rectangles and circles in the geometry.
Many more concepts in mathematics that have been introduced al-Khwarizmi. Field of astronomy also made famous al-Khwarizmi. Astronomy can be defined as the science falaq [knowledge of the stars, which involves the study of the position, movement, and thought and interpretations relating to the stars].
Personal al-Khwarizmi
Al-Khwarizmi's personality has been recognized by Islam and the West. This can be evidenced THAT G.Sarton said that "the highest achievements have been obtained by the East ...." In this case, Al-Khwarizmi. Another figure, Wiedmann said .... "Al-Khwarizmi has a personality and a firm who devoted his life to the world of science".
Some branches of science in Mathematics introduced by al-Khwarizmi such as geometry, algebra, arithmetic and others. Geometry is a second branch in mathematics. Fill the content is discussed in this second branch is the origin of geometry and its main reference is the Kitab al-Ustugusat [The Elements] work Euklid: geometry in terms of language comes out of that is the Greek word "geo" meaning earth and "metri 'mean measurement , In terms of science, geometry is the science that examines matters relating to the magnitude and nature of space. This geometry studied since the time of the pharaohs [2000SM]. Then Thales of Miletus introduced Egyptian geometry to Greece as a science within the 6th century BC. Islamic scholars have perfected beyond the rules of science education is mainly on ke9M century.
Algebra / algebra is a mathematical pulse. Al-Khwarizmi's work has been translated by Gerhard of Gremano and Robert of Chaster into European languages ​​in the 12th century. before the advent of a work entitled 'Hisab al-Jibra wa al muqabalah written by al-Khwarizmi in the 820M. Before this there was no term algebra.
His contributions not only have a major impact on mathematics, but also in language. The word algebra comes from the word al-Jabr, one of two operations in mathematics to solve quadratic notation, which is contained in his book. Said logarisme and logarithm is taken from the word Algorismi, Latinization of his name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish Guarismo and in Portuguese, Algarismo meaning digit. In addition to the inventor of logarithms and algebra, Al Khwarizmi also known as the inventor of the numbers 0 (zero), which in Arabic is called sifr. The new zero Westerners are known and used around 250 years after it was discovered by Al Khwarizmi. Previous scientists use the abacus, a sort of list that shows units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on, to ensure that each number is not to be confused with each other from a designated place in the count.
Logarithms and Algebra Al-Khwarizmi and Kitab al-Jabr Al-Khwarizmi whose full name Muammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician, astronomy, astrology, and geography of Persian origin. Born around the year 780 in Khwarizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan) and died around the year 850 in Baghdad. Almost all his life, he worked as a lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad first book, al-Jabar, is a book that addresses the systematic solution of linear and quadratic notation. So he called the Father of Algebra. Latin translation of his Arithmetic, who introduced Indian numerals, then introduced as Decimal Position Numbering System in the Western world in the 12th century He revise and adjust the Ptolemaic geography as well as working on the writings on astronomy and astrology. His contributions not only have a major impact on mathematics, but also in language. The word algebra comes from the word al-Jabr, one of two operations in mathematics to solve quadratic notation, which is contained in his book. Said logarisme and logarithm is taken from the word Algorismi, Latinization of his name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish Guarismo and in Portuguese, Algarismo meaning digit.
Figures 0 (Zero) In addition to the inventor logarithm and Algebra, Al Khwarizmi also known as the inventor of the numbers 0 (zero), which in Arabic is called sifr. The new zero Westerners are known and used around 250 years after it was discovered by Al Khwarizmi. Previous scientists use the abacus, a sort of list that shows units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on, to ensure that each number is not to be confused with each other from a designated place in the count.
Biography Al Khwarizmi - Or complete named named Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa. He was born in 780 AD in Khwarizmi and died around the year 847 AD, a small town on the banks of the Oxus, Uzbekistan. He was called as al-Khwarizmi to show his birthplace. In the West, especially Europe, he is known by the name Algoarismi, Algorism, or algorithm. When al-Khwarizmi was a child, her parents moved from Uzbekistan to Baghdad, Iraq. At that time, Iraq was under the reign of Caliph al-Ma'mun (813-833).
Al-Khwarizmi famous algorithm theory. In addition, it also creates another mathematical theory. For example, algebra, called arithmetic (arithmetic) by Western scientists. At that time, algebra using Arabic numerals. Algebra is derived from the title of a book authored front, al-Jabr wa al-Muqabilah. In this book, he formulated and explained in detail Tables Trigonometry. Not only that, the book also introduces a number of Basic Theory of Calculus. The greatness of al-Khwarizmi other is that he is not only able to recognize something as a subject, but also able to resolve the problems that exist in the subject. For his contribution, al-Khwarizmi is regarded as the most important figure in the history of science mathematics, especially algebra. She is the first Muslim scientist well known in this field. A bouquet of al-Khwarizmi which are considered important and has been copied in Latin is Trattari d'Arithmetica. The book discusses some problems matter, the origin of figures, and historical figures we now use. Trattari d'Arithmetica was published in 1857 in Rome.
In the era of Copernicus, a person can not be called as a mathematician if not able to analyze the scientific work of the mathematician earlier. Therefore, the experts at that time vying to copy some practical examples to be analyzed, for example about the calculation altitude mountains, deep valleys, and the distance between the two objects, or uneven surfaces. Al-Khwarizmi's own analyzes and corrects errors contained in an essay on the work of Diophantus aljabaar of Greece (250 BCE). He reiterated the theory of creation Diophantus, before then expanding it. Moreover, he also added some other formulas, such as a triangle formula, and compiling a list of logarithm.
Al-Khwarizmi also produce work in the field of astronomy. He made a special table classifying this astrology. At the beginning of the twelfth century, a number of al-Khwarizmi's work was translated into Latin by Adelard of Bal and Gerard of Cremona. Furthermore, the work of al-Khwarizmi Latin version was translated again in a number of languages ​​spoken in Europe. Finally, the work was translated into Chinese. Some universities in Europe using the work of al-Khwarizmi's book as reference material and textbooks for students to enter the mid-sixteenth century.
Logarithms and Algebra Al-Khwarizmi and Kitab al-Jabr Al-Khwarizmi whose full name Muammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician, astronomy, astrology, and geography of Persian origin. Born around the year 780 in Khwarizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan) and died around the year 850 in Baghdad. Almost all his life, he worked as a lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad first book, al-Jabar, is a book that addresses the systematic solution of linear and quadratic notation. So he called the Father of Algebra. Latin translation of his Arithmetic, who introduced Indian numerals, then introduced as Decimal Position Numbering System in the Western world in the 12th century He revise and adjust the Ptolemaic geography as well as working on the writings on astronomy and astrology. His contributions not only have a major impact on mathematics, but also in language. The word algebra comes from the word al-Jabr, one of two operations in mathematics to solve quadratic notation, which is contained in his book. Said logarisme and logarithm is taken from the word Algorismi, Latinization of his name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish Guarismo and in Portuguese, Algarismo meaning digit.
Figures 0 (Zero) In addition to the inventor logarithm and Algebra, Al Khwarizmi also known as the inventor of the numbers 0 (zero), which in Arabic is called sifr. The new zero Westerners are known and used around 250 years after it was discovered by Al Khwarizmi. Previous scientists use the abacus, a sort of list that shows units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on, to ensure that each number is not to be confused with each other from a designated place in the count.



Works - works Khawarizmi
1. Al-Jabr wa'l muqabalah: he has created and tangens secans use in the investigation of trigonometry and astronomy.
2.Hisab al-Jabr wa al-muqabalah: He
has submitted examples of math problems and propose 800 pieces of matter which is largely the issues raised by Neo. Babylian in the form of allegations that have been substantiated by al-Khwarizmi.
3.Sistem No. He has introduced the concept of nature and it is important in a number system today. His work on this one contains Cos, Sin and Tan in solving trigonometric equations, theorems isosceles triangle and area calculation triangles, rectangles and circles in the geometry.
Many more concepts in mathematics that have been introduced al-Khwarizmi. Field of astronomy also made famous al-Khwarizmi. Astronomy can be defined as the science falaq knowledge of the stars, which involves the study of the position, movement, and thought and interpretations relating to the star.
Postscript
 Expanding the geography of the Islamic world began when the Caliph al-Ma'mun who ruled from 813 until 833 AD ordered the Muslim geographers to measure the distance of the earth back. Since that time comes the term of miles to measure distances. While the Greeks used the term stadium.
Effort and hard work of the Muslim geographers sweet fruit. Muslims were able to calculate the volume and circumference of the earth. Armed with this success, the Caliph Al-Mamun ordered the Muslim geographers to create a map of the earth's great. Musa Al-Khwarizmi was with 70 other geographers were able to create the first map of the globe in the year 830 AD
Khwarizmi also managed to write a book entitled geography Surah Al-Ard (Morphology Earth) a correction of the work of Ptolemy. The book became the scientific basis for the traditional Muslim geography. In the same century, Al-Kindi also wrote a book entitled 'Description of the inhabited Earth'.
Mesopotamia, the world's oldest civilization in this region as well.
The world community is very familiar as a mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci algebra. However, behind the superiority as a mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci algebra turns out the results of his thinking greatly influenced by Muslim scientists named Muhammad ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi. He is a character who was born in Khiva (Iraq) in the year 780. If the educated are more familiar European mathematicians, then the ordinary Muslim scientists also recognize that becomes the reference for mathematicians.
In addition to experts in mathematics al-Khwarizmi, who later settled in Qutrubulli (sebalah west Baghdad), is also an expert in geography, history and music. His works in the field of mathematics forth in Kitabul wat Tafriq and Hisab Jama al-Jabar wal Muqabla. This is a reference European scientists, including Leonardo Fibonacce and Jacob Florence.
Muhammad ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi is this that finds the number 0 (zero), which until now used. What happens try if the number 0 (zero) are not found try? In addition, he was also instrumental in goniometry through sine function and tanget, linear and quadratic equations and calculations integration (integral calculus). Angle measuring table (Table Sine and Tangent) is taken as the reference current angle measuring table.
al-Khwarizmi also a geographer. His work Kitab Surat al Ard describes in detail the parts of the earth. CA Nallino, translators work of al-Khwarizmi into Latin, asserted that no one else can Europe produce works such as al-Khwarizmi's.
The trail followed by Abu Kamil of Egypt (full name, Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Muhammad ibn Shuja) Forms an important link in the development of algebra between al-Khwarizmi and al-Karaji. Despite not using symbols, but writing powers of x in words, he had begun to understand what we would write in symbols
Al-Khwarizmi main concern is with the quadratic equation has a positive root, which he notes can be found in one of three standard forms. These equations involve three kinds of number: the simple numbers, the root (which is unknown, x) and wealth, known as Mal in Arabic and is the square of the root. The label indicates the real world motivation that often drove these questions in the Islamic civilization. Al-Khwarizmi then goes on to explain in detail the procedure numerical equation solving specific examples taken from one of three types of standards. Formula recorded no more than a verbal description standard quadratic formula that we learned in school. The distinguishing feature of Al-Khwarizmi's work, and indeed his successors, is supplied evidence for the validity of the numerical procedure using the axioms and theorems of geometry. Thabit bin Al-Qurra extended contributions Al-Khwarizmi to demonstrate the validity of the formula for the general class known quadratic equations. He did this by first stating the fundamental theorem of geometry of Euclid; various entities in the equation, including those not known to be associated with a corresponding number of geometric, namely line segments and regions; eventually use this geometric interpretation for the equation, Al-Qurra able to show the correspondence between geometric and algebraic solutions.

Full "arithmetisation algebra" and the extension of the study of equations to enter a higher note, delivered by Al-Karaji, who do their work in Baghdad around 1000 CE. That is the view of Al-Karaji known need not be limited to the roots and box them, whether the amount of geometric or absolute figures. In general, known to appear as a rock, x3, malls malls, x4, malls cube, x5, and so on. Thus he was able to manipulate the polynomial expression, such as x4 + 4 x 3-6, using rules based on the rules of ordinary arithmetic to add, subtract, multiply, divide and square root excavation. However, Al-Karaji not quite finish arithmetisation algebra; This issue will have to wait another 70 years for a brilliant scholar, al-Samaw'al bin Yahya bin Judas al-Maghribi, to add the finishing touches. The remaining steps rests on a fully enter negative numbers in theory. Although al-Karaji managed to find such rules - (- b) = ab +, he did not quite found related identity, - a - (- b) = - (a + b). The identity of the entity involved is not trivial negative as they seem, especially when they have to be developed or discovered for the first time. As a console Berggren:

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