Abu Abdullah Mohammad Bin Musa Al Khawarizmi(780 - 840 C.E.)
Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi was born at
Khawarizm (Kheva), south of Aral sea. Very little is known about his early
life, except for the fact that his parents had migrated to a place south of
Baghdad. The exact dates of his birth and death are also not known, but it is
established that he flourished under Al- Mamun at Baghdad through 813-833 and
probably died around 840 C.E. To
celebrate the 1200th birth anniversary of Muhammad bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi the
former USSR issued this postal stamp pictured on top. The terms Algebra and Algorithm are
familiar to all of us but how many have heard of their founder Mohammed
AlKhawarizmi. In Geography he revised and corrected Ptolemy's view and produced
the first map of the known world in 830 CE.
He worked on measuring the volume and circumference of the earth, and
contributed to work related to clocks, sundials and astrolabes.
His Life
Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khawarizmi.The
lastmentioned name (his nisba) refers to his birthplace, Khwarizm, modern
Khiva, south of the Aral Sea. He was born around 780 in the town of Kath part
of Khwarism. Kath is now buried in the sand. He died around 840. He was
summoned to Baghdad by Caliph Al-Mamun and appointed court astronomer. From the
title of his work, Hisab Al-Jabr wal Mugabalah (Book of Calculations,
Restoration and Reduction), Algebra (Al-Jabr) derived its name.
Algebra symbolizes the debt of Western culture to Muslim
mathematics. Ironically, when it first entered the English language it was used
as a term for setting of broken bones, and even sometimes for the fractures
themselves. This reflects the original
literal meaning of the Arabic word al-Jabr, 'the reuniting
of broken bones,' from the verb jabara 'reunite.' The anatomical connotations
of this were adopted when the word was borrowed, as algebra, into Spanish, Italian
and medieval Latin from one or other of which English acquired it. In Arabic,
however, it had long been applied to the solving of algebraic equations. The
full
Arabic expression was 'Ilm aljabr wa'l muqabalah'''the
science of reunion and equations,' and the mathematician Al-Khawarizmi used
aljabr as the title of his treatise on algebra.
In the twelfth century Gerard of Cremona and Roberts of Chester
translated the algebra of Al-Khawarizmi into Latin.Mathematicians used it all
over the world until the sixteenth century.
A Latin translation of a Muslim arithmetic text was
discovered in 1857 CE at the University of Cambridge library. Entitled
'Algoritimi de Numero Indorum’, the work opens with the words:
'Spoken has Algoritimi. Let us give deserved praise to God,
our Leader and Defender’. It is believed that this is a copy of Al-Khawarizmi’s
arithmetic text, which was translated into Latin in the twelfth century by
Adelard of Bath (an English scholar). Al-Khawarizmi left his name to the
history of mathematics in the form of Algorism (the old name for arithmetic).
His Work
Al-Khawarizmi was a mathematician, astronomer and
geographer. He was perhaps one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived,
as, in fact, he was the founder of several branches and basic concepts of
mathematics. In the words of Phillip Hitti:
"He influenced mathematical thought to a greater extent
than any other mediaeval writer."
His work on algebra was outstanding, as he not only initiated the
subject in a systematic form but he also developed it to the extent of giving
analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations, which established him
as the founder of Algebra. Hisab Al-jabr
wAl-muqabala, contains analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations
and its author may be called one of the founders of analysis or algebra as
distinct from geometry.
He also gives geometrical solutions (with figures) of
quadratic equations, for example X2 + 1OX = 39, an equation often repeated by
later writers. The‘Liber ysagogarum Alchorismi in artem astronomicam a magistro
A. [Adelard of Bath] compositus!' deals with arithmetic, geometry, music, and
astronomy; it is possibly a summary of Al-Khawarzmi’s teachings rather than an
original work.
His astronomical and trigonometric tables, revised by
Maslama Al-Majrti (Second half of tenth century), were translated into Latin as
early as l126 by Adelard of Bath. They were the first Muslim tables and
contained not simply the sinefunction but also the tangent(Maslama's
interpolation).
His arithmetic synthesised Greek and Hindu knowledge and
also contained his own contribution of fundamental importance to mathematics
and science. Thus, he explained the use of zero, a numeral of fundamental
importance developed by the Arabs.
Similarly, he developed the decimal system so that the overall system of numerals, 'algorithm' or 'algorizm'
is named after him. In addition to introducing the Indian system of numerals
(now generally known as Arabic
numerals), he developed at length
several arithmetical procedures, including operations on fractions. It
was through his work that the system of numerals was first introduced to Arabs
and later to Europe, through its translations in European languages.
He developed in detail trigonometric tables containing the
sine functions, which were probably extrapolated to tangent functions by
Maslamati.
He also perfected the geometric representation of conic
sections and developed the calculus of two errors, which practically led him to
the concept of differentiation. He is also reported to have collaborated in the
degree measurements ordered by AlMamun which were aimed at measuring of volume
and circumference of the earth.
His Books
Several of his books were translated into Latin in the early
12th century. In fact, his book on arithmetic, Kitab Al-Jam'a walTafreeq bil
Hisab Al-Hindi,was lost in Arabic but survived in a Latin translation. His
astronomical tables were also translated into European languages and, later,
into Chinese. His geography captioned Kitab Surat-Al-Ard,(The Face of the
Earth) together with its maps, was also translated. In addition, he wrote a
book on the Jewish calendar Istikhraj Tarikh Al-Yahud, and two books on the
astrolabe. He also wrote Kitab Al-Tarikhand his book on sun-dials was captioned
Kitab Al-Rukhmat, but both of them have been lost.
A Servant of God
Al-Khawarizmi emphasised that he wrote his algebra book to serve the
practical needs of the people concerning matters of inheritance, legacies,
partition, law suits and commerce. He considered his work as worship to God.
Quotation from Al-Khawarizmi:
That fondness for science, ... that affability and
condescension which God shows to the learned, that promptitude with which he
protects and supports them in the elucidation of obscurities and in the removal
of difficulties, has encouraged me to compose a short work on calculating by
aljabr and al-muqabala , confining it to what is easiest and most useful in
arithmetic. [al-jabr means "restoring", referring to the process of
moving a subtracted quantity to the other side of an equation; al-muqabala
is"comparing" and refers to subtracting equal quantities from both
sides of an equation.]
Profil Bapak Matematika (Aljabar, Kalkulus), Astronomi
Muḥammad
bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī (Arab: محمد
بن موسى الخوارزمي) adalah seorang ahli matematika,
astronomi, astrologi, dan geografi yang berasal dari Persia. Lahir sekitar
tahun 780 di Khwārizm (sekarang Khiva, Uzbekistan) dan wafat sekitar tahun 850
di Baghdad. Hampir sepanjang hidupnya, ia bekerja sebagai dosen di Sekolah
Kehormatan di Baghdad
Buku pertamanya, al-Jabar, adalah buku pertama yang membahas
solusi sistematik dari linear dan notasi kuadrat. Sehingga ia disebut sebagai
Bapak Aljabar. Translasi bahasa Latin dari Aritmatika dia, yang memperkenalkan
angka India, kemudian diperkenalkan sebagai Sistem Penomoran Posisi Desimal di
dunia Barat pada abad ke 12. Ia merevisi dan menyesuaikan Geografi Ptolemeus
sebaik mengerjakan tulisan-tulisan tentang astronomi dan astrologi.
Kontribusi dia tak hanya berdampak besar pada matematika,
tapi juga dalam kebahasaan. Kata Aljabar berasal dari kata al-Jabr, satu dari
dua operasi dalam matematika untuk menyelesaikan notasi kuadrat, yang tercantum
dalam buku dia. Kata algorisme dan algoritma diambil dari kata Algorismi,
Latinisasi dari nama dia. Nama dia juga di serap dalam bahasa Spanyol Guarismo
dan dalam bahasa Portugis, Algarismo yang berarti digit.
Al-Khawarizmi yang bernama lengkap Muḥammad bin Musa al-Khawarizmi adalah seorang ahli
matematika, astronomi, astrologi, dan geografi yang berasal dari Persia. Lahir
sekitar tahun 780 di Khwārizm (sekarang Khiva, Uzbekistan) dan wafat sekitar
tahun 850 di Baghdad. Hampir sepanjang hidupnya, ia bekerja sebagai dosen di
Sekolah Kehormatan di Baghdad. Buku pertamanya, al-Jabar, adalah buku yang
membahas solusi sistematik dari linear dan notasi kuadrat. Sehingga ia disebut
sebagai Bapak Aljabar. Translasi bahasa Latin dari Aritmatika beliau, yang
memperkenalkan angka India, kemudian diperkenalkan sebagai Sistem Penomoran Posisi
Desimal di dunia Barat pada abad ke 12. Ia merevisi dan menyesuaikan Geografi
Ptolemeus sebaik mengerjakan tulisan-tulisan tentang astronomi dan astrologi.
Nama Asli dari al-Khawarizmi ialah Muhammad Ibn Musa
al-khawarizmi. Selain itu beliau dikenali sebagai Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin
Ahmad bin Yusoff. Al-Khawarizmi dikenal di Barat sebagai al-Khawarizmi,
al-Cowarizmi, al-Ahawizmi, al-Karismi, al-Goritmi, al-Gorismi dan beberapa cara
ejaan lagi. Beliau dilahirkan di Bukhara.Tahun 780-850M adalah zaman kegemilangan
al-Khawarizmi. al-Khawarizmi telah wafat antara tahun 220 dan 230M. Ada yang
mengatakan al-Khawarizmi hidup sekitar awal pertengahan abad ke-9M. Sumber lain
menegaskan beliau hidup di Khawarism, Usbekistan pada tahun 194H/780M dan
meninggal tahun 266H/850M di Baghdad
Al-Khwarizmi whose full name Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician,
astronomy, astrology, and geography of Persian origin. Born around the year 780
in Khwarizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan) and died around the year 850 in Baghdad.
Almost all his life, he worked as a lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad.
His first book, al-Jabar, is a book that addresses the systematic solution of
linear and quadratic notation. So he called the Father of Algebra. Latin
translation of his Arithmetic, who introduced Indian numerals, then introduced
as Decimal Position Numbering System in the Western world in the 12th century
He revise and adjust the Ptolemaic geography as well as working on the writings
on astronomy and astrology.
His contributions not only have a major impact on
mathematics, but also in language. The word algebra comes from the word
al-Jabr, one of two operations in mathematics to solve quadratic notation,
which is contained in his book. Said logarisme and logarithm is taken from the
word Algorismi, Latinization of his name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish
Guarismo and in Portuguese, Algarismo meaning digit. In addition to the
inventor of logarithms and algebra, Al Khwarizmi also known as the inventor of
the numbers 0 (zero), which in Arabic is called sifr. The new zero Westerners
are known and used around 250 years after it was discovered by Al Khwarizmi.
Previous scientists use the abacus, a sort of list that shows units, tens,
hundreds, thousands, and so on, to ensure that each number is not to be
confused with each other from a designated place in the count.
Logarithms and Algebra Al-Khwarizmi and Kitab al-Jabr
Al-Khwarizmi whose full name Muḥammad
ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician, astronomy, astrology, and geography
of Persian origin. Born around the year 780 in Khwarizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan)
and died around the year 850 in Baghdad. Almost all his life, he worked as a
lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad first book, al-Jabar, is a book that
addresses the systematic solution of linear and quadratic notation. So he
called the Father of Algebra. Latin translation of his Arithmetic, who
introduced Indian numerals, then introduced as Decimal Position Numbering
System in the Western world in the 12th century He revise and adjust the
Ptolemaic geography as well as working on the writings on astronomy and
astrology. His contributions not only have a major impact on mathematics, but
also in language. The word algebra comes from the word al-Jabr, one of two operations
in mathematics to solve quadratic notation, which is contained in his book.
Said logarisme and logarithm is taken from the word Algorismi, Latinization of
his name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish Guarismo and in Portuguese,
Algarismo meaning digit.
Figures 0 (Zero) In addition to the inventor logarithm and
Algebra, Al Khwarizmi also known as the inventor of the numbers 0 (zero), which
in Arabic is called sifr. The new zero Westerners are known and used around 250
years after it was discovered by Al Khwarizmi. Previous scientists use the
abacus, a sort of list that shows units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on,
to ensure that each number is not to be confused with each other from a
designated place in the count.
In education has been proven THAT al-Khwarizmi was a
knowledgeable Islamic figures. Knowledge and expertise not only in the field of
law but in the field of philosophy, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music,
arithmetic, Islamic history and chemistry.
Al-Khwarizmi's algebra teacher in Europe
Europe started to open people's minds after treated to
various science is taught Al-Khwarizmi
He has created a Secans usage and tangent in trigonometry
and astronomy investigation. In a young age he worked under the reign of the
caliph al-Ma'mun, worked in the Bayt al-Hikmah in Baghdad. He worked in an
observatory that is the place to study mathematics and astronomy. Al-Khwarizmi
also believed to lead the caliph library. He has introduced the Indian numbers
and ways of calculation of India to the Islamic world. He is also an author of
the Encyclopedia in a variety of disciplines. Al-Khwarizmi is a character who
first introduced algebra and reckoning. Many more knowledge he learned in math
and generate mathematical concepts that are so popular are still in use today.
ROLE AND CONTRIBUTION OF AL-Khwarizmi
His greatest works in mathematics, astronomy, astrology,
geography, cartography, as a foundation and then more innovative in algebra,
trigonometry, and in other fields which he elaborated. Logic and systematic
approach him in the completion of linear and quadratic notation provide
accuracy in the discipline of algebra, a name derived from the name of one of
her books in the year 830 AD, al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi reckoning al-jabr
wa'l-muqabala (Arabic الكتاب
المختصر في حساب الجبر
والمقابلة) or: "Book
Summaries to calculations by Melengkapakan and Balance", the first book he
is then translated into Latin in the 12th century.
Her mind, explore the intersection between thinking,
calculation with Hindu numerals, written in 825, memprinsipkan diffusion
ability of India figures into perangkaan the Middle East and then Europe. Books
he translated into Latin, Algoritmi de numero Indorum, shows Algoritmi words
into Latin.
Some contributions he is based in the Persian and Babylonian
Astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek sources.
Systematization and correction of the data he Ptolemy on
geography is a tribute to Africa and the East being surrounded. Ledger him
another, Kitab al-ard letter ("Views of the Earth"; translated by
Geography), which shows the location coordinates and the basis of known world,
boldly evaluate the value of the length of the Mediterranean Sea and the
location of cities in Asia and Africa previously given by Ptolemy.
He later headed the construction of a world map to the
Caliph Al-Ma'mun and participated in the project determines the layout on
Earth, along with 70 other geographers to create a map which was then called
"know the world". When their work is copied and transferred to Europe
and Latin languages, a great impact on the advancement of basic mathematics in
Europe. He also wrote about the astrolabe and sundial.
Kitab I – Aljabar
Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar reckoning fi al-jabr wa-l-muqabala
(Arabic: الكتاب المختصر في حساب
الجبر والمقابلة or Book of Calculation
Summarizes the completion and balancing) is a mathematics book written in the
year 830. This book summarizes the definition of algebra. Translation into
Latin known as Liber algebrae et almucabala by Robert of Chester (Segovia,
1145) and also by Gerard of Cremona.
In the book given the completion of linear and quadratic
equations by simplifying the equation to be one of six standard forms (here b
and c are positive integers)
squared is equal to root (ax2 = bx)
squared is equal to a constant number (ax2 = c)
the same root with a constant (bx = c)
squares and roots equal to a constant (ax2 + bx = c)
quadratic and constant equal to the root (ax2 + c = bx)
constant and equal to the square root of (bx + c = ax2)
by dividing the coefficients of quadratic and use two
operations: al-jabr (الجبر)
or restoration or completion) and al-muqabala (equilibration). Al-jabr is the
process of removing negative units, roots and squares of notation using the
same value on both sides. For example, x2 = 40x - 4x2 simplified into 5x2 =
40x. Al-muqabala is a process gives the quantity of the same type to the side
of the notation. For example, x2 + 14 = x + 5 is simplified to x2 + 9 = x.
Several authors have published a paper with the name of the
book Al-ǧabr wa-l-muqabala, including to Abu Hanifa al-Dīnawarī, Abū Kamil
(Rasāla fi al-ǧabr wa-al-muqabala), Abu Muhammad al-'Adlī, Abu Yusuf al Miṣṣīṣī, Ibn Turk, Sind ibn 'Ali, Sahl bin Bišr, and
Šarafaddīn al-Tusi.
Book 2 - Dixit algorizmi
The second major book he is about arithmetic, which persist
in Latin, but was missing from the original Arabic. Translation is done in the
12th century by Adelard of Bath, who also translated the astronomical tables in
1126.
In the Latin manuscripts, usually nameless, but generally
begins with the words: Dixit algorizmi ("As the saying
al-Khwarizmi"), or Algoritmi de numero Indorum ("al-Kahwārizmī in
number Hindu art"), a new name is given on the results her work by
Baldassarre Boncompagni in 1857. The Book of the original may be called Kitab
al-Jam'a wa-l-tafrīq bi-reckoning al-Hind ("The Book of Addition and
Reduction by Hindu Calculation").
Book 3 - Reconstruction Planetarium
15th century map by Ptolemy as a comparison.
The third book she is the famous book of letters al-Ard
(Bhs.Arab: كتاب صورة الأرض "Book World Landscape" or
"Appearance of the Earth" translated by Geography), which was
completed in 833 is a revision and improvement of Geography Ptolemy, consisting
of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographic place following
the general development.
There is only one copy of a book of letters al-ard, which
are stored in the Library of the University of Strasbourg. Latin translation
stored in the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. The book's full title is
the book she Approach About the World, with Cities, Mountain, Sea, All Island
and the River, written by Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi based on
the deepening of geographic yamg and written by Claudius Ptolemy.
The book begins with a list of longitude and latitude,
including "The weather zone", which writes the influence of latitude
and longitude to the weather. By Paul Gallez, said that this is very useful to
determine the position we are in a bad condition to make a practical approach.
Both in Arabic and Latin copies, nothing is left from this book. Therefore,
Hubert Daunicht reconstruct the map from the list of coordinates. He tried to
find the approach that is similar to the map.
Book 4 - Astronomy Campus Corpus Christi MS 283
Zij book al-Sindhind (Arabic: زيج
"astronomical tables") is a work that consists of 37 symbols on the
astronomical calendar calculations and 116 tables with kalenderial, astrologial
astronomial and data as well as data that is recognized now.
The original version in Arabic (written 820) missing, but
other versions by Spanish astronomer Jabir al-Majriti (1000) remained in Latin,
translated by Adelard of Bath (January 26, 1126). Four other Latin manuscripts
remain in the Bibliothèque publique (Chartres), the Bibliothèque Mazarine
(Paris), the Bibliotheca Nacional (Madrid) and the Bodleian Library (Oxford).
Book 5 - Jewish Calendar
Al-Khwarizmi also wrote about the Jewish calendar (Risala fi
istikhrāj ta'rīkh al-Yahud "Jewish calendar Directive"). Which
explains 19-year intercalation cycle, the laws governing what day of the month
of Tishri begins a week; take into account the interval between the Jewish Era
(the creation of Adam) and the Seleucid era; and give law on the longitude of
the sun and moon using the Jewish calendar. Similar to those found by al-Biruni
and Maimonides.
LainnyaBeberapa works of Arabic manuscripts in Berlin,
Istanbul, Tashkent, Cairo and Paris contain material that is likely to approach
comes from al-Khwarizmi. Manuscript in Istanbul contains sundial, called in
Fihirst. Other works, such as the determination of the direction of Mecca is
one of the spherical astronomy.
Two works contains about morning (Ma'rifat sa'at al-Mashriq
Fi kull ballad) and azimuth determination of the height (Ma'rifat al-samt min
qibal al-irtifā ').
He also wrote two books on the use and assembly of the
astrolabe. Ibn al-Nadim in Kitab al-Fihrist (an index of Arabic) also mentions
the book of ar-Ruḵāma (t)
(book sundial) and Kitab al-Tarikh (history book) but the two latter have been
lost.
Contribution in the form of works of which are:
1. Al-Jabr wa'l muqabalah: he has created and tangens secans
use in the investigation of trigonometry and astronomy.
2.Hisab al-Jabr wa al-muqabalah: He
has submitted examples of math problems and propose 800
pieces of matter which is largely the issues raised by Neo. Babylian in the
form of allegations that have been substantiated by al-Khwarizmi.
3.Sistem No. He has introduced the concept of nature and it
is important in a number system today. His work on this one contains Cos, Sin
and Tan in solving trigonometric equations, theorems isosceles triangle and
area calculation triangles, rectangles and circles in the geometry.
Many more concepts in mathematics that have been introduced
al-Khwarizmi. Field of astronomy also made famous al-Khwarizmi. Astronomy can
be defined as the science falaq [knowledge of the stars, which involves the
study of the position, movement, and thought and interpretations relating to
the stars].
Personal al-Khwarizmi
Al-Khwarizmi's personality has been recognized by Islam and
the West. This can be evidenced THAT G.Sarton said that "the highest
achievements have been obtained by the East ...." In this case,
Al-Khwarizmi. Another figure, Wiedmann said .... "Al-Khwarizmi has a personality
and a firm who devoted his life to the world of science".
Some branches of science in Mathematics introduced by
al-Khwarizmi such as geometry, algebra, arithmetic and others. Geometry is a
second branch in mathematics. Fill the content is discussed in this second
branch is the origin of geometry and its main reference is the Kitab
al-Ustugusat [The Elements] work Euklid: geometry in terms of language comes
out of that is the Greek word "geo" meaning earth and "metri
'mean measurement , In terms of science, geometry is the science that examines
matters relating to the magnitude and nature of space. This geometry studied
since the time of the pharaohs [2000SM]. Then Thales of Miletus introduced
Egyptian geometry to Greece as a science within the 6th century BC. Islamic
scholars have perfected beyond the rules of science education is mainly on ke9M
century.
Algebra / algebra is a mathematical pulse. Al-Khwarizmi's
work has been translated by Gerhard of Gremano and Robert of Chaster into
European languages in the 12th century. before the advent of a work entitled 'Hisab
al-Jibra wa al muqabalah written by al-Khwarizmi in the 820M. Before
this there was no term algebra.
His contributions not only have a major impact on
mathematics, but also in language. The word algebra comes from the word
al-Jabr, one of two operations in mathematics to solve quadratic notation,
which is contained in his book. Said logarisme and logarithm is taken from the
word Algorismi, Latinization of his name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish
Guarismo and in Portuguese, Algarismo meaning digit. In addition to the
inventor of logarithms and algebra, Al Khwarizmi also known as the inventor of
the numbers 0 (zero), which in Arabic is called sifr. The new zero Westerners
are known and used around 250 years after it was discovered by Al Khwarizmi.
Previous scientists use the abacus, a sort of list that shows units, tens,
hundreds, thousands, and so on, to ensure that each number is not to be
confused with each other from a designated place in the count.
Logarithms and Algebra Al-Khwarizmi and Kitab al-Jabr
Al-Khwarizmi whose full name Muḥammad
ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician, astronomy, astrology, and geography
of Persian origin. Born around the year 780 in Khwarizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan)
and died around the year 850 in Baghdad. Almost all his life, he worked as a
lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad first book, al-Jabar, is a book that
addresses the systematic solution of linear and quadratic notation. So he
called the Father of Algebra. Latin translation of his Arithmetic, who
introduced Indian numerals, then introduced as Decimal Position Numbering
System in the Western world in the 12th century He revise and adjust the
Ptolemaic geography as well as working on the writings on astronomy and
astrology. His contributions not only have a major impact on mathematics, but
also in language. The word algebra comes from the word al-Jabr, one of two
operations in mathematics to solve quadratic notation, which is contained in
his book. Said logarisme and logarithm is taken from the word Algorismi,
Latinization of his name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish Guarismo and in
Portuguese, Algarismo meaning digit.
Figures 0 (Zero) In addition to the inventor logarithm and
Algebra, Al Khwarizmi also known as the inventor of the numbers 0 (zero), which
in Arabic is called sifr. The new zero Westerners are known and used around 250
years after it was discovered by Al Khwarizmi. Previous scientists use the
abacus, a sort of list that shows units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on,
to ensure that each number is not to be confused with each other from a
designated place in the count.
Biography Al Khwarizmi - Or complete named named Abu Ja'far
Muhammad ibn Musa. He was born in 780 AD in Khwarizmi and died around the year
847 AD, a small town on the banks of the Oxus, Uzbekistan. He was called as
al-Khwarizmi to show his birthplace. In the West, especially Europe, he is
known by the name Algoarismi, Algorism, or algorithm. When al-Khwarizmi was a
child, her parents moved from Uzbekistan to Baghdad, Iraq. At that time, Iraq
was under the reign of Caliph al-Ma'mun (813-833).
Al-Khwarizmi famous algorithm theory. In addition, it also
creates another mathematical theory. For example, algebra, called arithmetic (arithmetic)
by Western scientists. At that time, algebra using Arabic numerals. Algebra is
derived from the title of a book authored front, al-Jabr wa al-Muqabilah. In
this book, he formulated and explained in detail Tables Trigonometry. Not only
that, the book also introduces a number of Basic Theory of Calculus. The
greatness of al-Khwarizmi other is that he is not only able to recognize
something as a subject, but also able to resolve the problems that exist in the
subject. For his contribution, al-Khwarizmi is regarded as the most important
figure in the history of science mathematics, especially algebra. She is the
first Muslim scientist well known in this field. A bouquet of al-Khwarizmi
which are considered important and has been copied in Latin is Trattari
d'Arithmetica. The book discusses some problems matter, the origin of figures,
and historical figures we now use. Trattari d'Arithmetica was published in 1857
in Rome.
In the era of Copernicus, a person can not be called as a
mathematician if not able to analyze the scientific work of the mathematician
earlier. Therefore, the experts at that time vying to copy some practical
examples to be analyzed, for example about the calculation altitude mountains,
deep valleys, and the distance between the two objects, or uneven surfaces.
Al-Khwarizmi's own analyzes and corrects errors contained in an essay on the
work of Diophantus aljabaar of Greece (250 BCE). He reiterated the theory of
creation Diophantus, before then expanding it. Moreover, he also added some
other formulas, such as a triangle formula, and compiling a list of logarithm.
Al-Khwarizmi also produce work in the field of astronomy. He
made a special table classifying this astrology. At the beginning of the
twelfth century, a number of al-Khwarizmi's work was translated into Latin by
Adelard of Bal and Gerard of Cremona. Furthermore, the work of al-Khwarizmi
Latin version was translated again in a number of languages spoken in
Europe. Finally, the work was translated into Chinese. Some universities in
Europe using the work of al-Khwarizmi's book as reference material and
textbooks for students to enter the mid-sixteenth century.
Logarithms and Algebra Al-Khwarizmi and Kitab al-Jabr
Al-Khwarizmi whose full name Muḥammad
ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician, astronomy, astrology, and geography
of Persian origin. Born around the year 780 in Khwarizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan)
and died around the year 850 in Baghdad. Almost all his life, he worked as a
lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad first book, al-Jabar, is a book that
addresses the systematic solution of linear and quadratic notation. So he
called the Father of Algebra. Latin translation of his Arithmetic, who
introduced Indian numerals, then introduced as Decimal Position Numbering System
in the Western world in the 12th century He revise and adjust the Ptolemaic
geography as well as working on the writings on astronomy and astrology. His
contributions not only have a major impact on mathematics, but also in
language. The word algebra comes from the word al-Jabr, one of two operations
in mathematics to solve quadratic notation, which is contained in his book.
Said logarisme and logarithm is taken from the word Algorismi, Latinization of
his name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish Guarismo and in Portuguese,
Algarismo meaning digit.
Figures 0 (Zero) In addition to the inventor logarithm and
Algebra, Al Khwarizmi also known as the inventor of the numbers 0 (zero), which
in Arabic is called sifr. The new zero Westerners are known and used around 250
years after it was discovered by Al Khwarizmi. Previous scientists use the
abacus, a sort of list that shows units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on,
to ensure that each number is not to be confused with each other from a
designated place in the count.
Works - works Khawarizmi
1. Al-Jabr wa'l muqabalah: he has created and tangens secans
use in the investigation of trigonometry and astronomy.
2.Hisab al-Jabr wa al-muqabalah: He
has submitted examples of math problems and propose 800
pieces of matter which is largely the issues raised by Neo. Babylian in the
form of allegations that have been substantiated by al-Khwarizmi.
3.Sistem No. He has introduced the concept of nature and it
is important in a number system today. His work on this one contains Cos, Sin
and Tan in solving trigonometric equations, theorems isosceles triangle and
area calculation triangles, rectangles and circles in the geometry.
Many more concepts in mathematics that have been introduced
al-Khwarizmi. Field of astronomy also made famous al-Khwarizmi. Astronomy can
be defined as the science falaq knowledge of the stars, which involves the
study of the position, movement, and thought and interpretations relating to
the star.
Postscript
Expanding the geography of the Islamic world began
when the Caliph al-Ma'mun who ruled from 813 until 833 AD ordered the Muslim
geographers to measure the distance of the earth back. Since that time comes
the term of miles to measure distances. While the Greeks used the term stadium.
Effort and hard work of the Muslim geographers sweet fruit.
Muslims were able to calculate the volume and circumference of the earth. Armed
with this success, the Caliph Al-Mamun ordered the Muslim geographers to create
a map of the earth's great. Musa Al-Khwarizmi was with 70 other geographers
were able to create the first map of the globe in the year 830 AD
Khwarizmi also managed to write a book entitled geography
Surah Al-Ard (Morphology Earth) a correction of the work of Ptolemy. The book
became the scientific basis for the traditional Muslim geography. In the same
century, Al-Kindi also wrote a book entitled 'Description of the inhabited
Earth'.
Mesopotamia, the world's oldest civilization in this region
as well.
The world community is very familiar as a mathematician
Leonardo Fibonacci algebra. However, behind the superiority as a mathematician
Leonardo Fibonacci algebra turns out the results of his thinking greatly
influenced by Muslim scientists named Muhammad ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi. He is a
character who was born in Khiva (Iraq) in the year 780. If the educated are
more familiar European mathematicians, then the ordinary Muslim scientists also
recognize that becomes the reference for mathematicians.
In addition to experts in mathematics al-Khwarizmi, who
later settled in Qutrubulli (sebalah west Baghdad), is also an expert in
geography, history and music. His works in the field of mathematics forth in
Kitabul wat Tafriq and Hisab Jama al-Jabar wal Muqabla. This is a reference
European scientists, including Leonardo Fibonacce and Jacob Florence.
Muhammad ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi is this that finds the number
0 (zero), which until now used. What happens try if the number 0 (zero) are not
found try? In addition, he was also instrumental in goniometry through sine
function and tanget, linear and quadratic equations and calculations
integration (integral calculus). Angle measuring table (Table Sine and Tangent)
is taken as the reference current angle measuring table.
al-Khwarizmi also a geographer. His work Kitab Surat al Ard
describes in detail the parts of the earth. CA Nallino, translators work of
al-Khwarizmi into Latin, asserted that no one else can Europe produce works
such as al-Khwarizmi's.
The trail followed by Abu Kamil of Egypt (full name, Abu
Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Muhammad ibn Shuja) Forms an important link in the
development of algebra between al-Khwarizmi and al-Karaji. Despite not using
symbols, but writing powers of x in words, he had begun to understand what we
would write in symbols
Al-Khwarizmi main concern is with the quadratic equation has
a positive root, which he notes can be found in one of three standard forms.
These equations involve three kinds of number: the simple numbers, the root
(which is unknown, x) and wealth, known as Mal in Arabic and is the square of
the root. The label indicates the real world motivation that often drove these
questions in the Islamic civilization. Al-Khwarizmi then goes on to explain in
detail the procedure numerical equation solving specific examples taken from
one of three types of standards. Formula recorded no more than a verbal
description standard quadratic formula that we learned in school. The
distinguishing feature of Al-Khwarizmi's work, and indeed his successors, is
supplied evidence for the validity of the numerical procedure using the axioms
and theorems of geometry. Thabit bin Al-Qurra extended contributions
Al-Khwarizmi to demonstrate the validity of the formula for the general class
known quadratic equations. He did this by first stating the fundamental theorem
of geometry of Euclid; various entities in the equation, including those not
known to be associated with a corresponding number of geometric, namely line
segments and regions; eventually use this geometric interpretation for the
equation, Al-Qurra able to show the correspondence between geometric and
algebraic solutions.
Full "arithmetisation algebra" and the
extension of the study of equations to enter a higher note, delivered by
Al-Karaji, who do their work in Baghdad around 1000 CE. That is the view of
Al-Karaji known need not be limited to the roots and box them, whether the
amount of geometric or absolute figures. In general, known to appear as a rock,
x3, malls malls, x4, malls cube, x5, and so on. Thus he was able to manipulate
the polynomial expression, such as x4 + 4 x 3-6, using rules based on the rules
of ordinary arithmetic to add, subtract, multiply, divide and square root
excavation. However, Al-Karaji not quite finish arithmetisation algebra; This
issue will have to wait another 70 years for a brilliant scholar, al-Samaw'al
bin Yahya bin Judas al-Maghribi, to add the finishing touches. The remaining
steps rests on a fully enter negative numbers in theory. Although al-Karaji
managed to find such rules - (- b) = ab +, he did not quite found related
identity, - a - (- b) = - (a + b). The identity of the entity involved is not
trivial negative as they seem, especially when they have to be developed or
discovered for the first time. As a console Berggren:
kitab aljaber
BalasHapusThank You!
BalasHapus